tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87444428058799510102024-03-18T04:03:06.122+01:00Phytin FytiiniPHYTIN, Fytiini (IP6) An interesting molecule in human food and the human biochemistry.Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.comBlogger331125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-86013374823134176762024-01-02T23:05:00.006+01:002024-01-02T23:28:38.113+01:00PIK3CA ( asian musta aukko: inositoli , inositolifosfaatti, fosfatidyyli-inositoli - tämän kohdan normaali metabolinen kartta)<p> </p>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>Aliases for PIK3CA Gene</h3>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li> <span><strong>GeneCards Symbol:</strong></span>
<span class="aliasMainName"><i>PIK3CA</i></span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8975" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8975" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<a class="gc-help-icon glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign" data-ga-category="Help" data-track-event="Card Help" href="https://www.genecards.org/Guide/GeneCard#aliases_descriptions" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="See more information in the GeneCards Guide"></a></li><li>
<span class="aliasMainName">Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8975" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8975" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000121879" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000121879" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PI3K</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8975" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8975" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000121879" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000121879" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha Isoform</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase, Catalytic, Alpha Polypeptide</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8975" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8975" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase PIK3CA</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PtdIns-3-Kinase Subunit P110-Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PI3K-Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase 110 KDa Catalytic Subunit Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase 110 KDa Catalytic Subunit Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Mutant Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase, Catalytic Subunit Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8975" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8975" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Catalytic, Alpha Polypeptide</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Catalytic, 110-KD, Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Catalytic Alpha Polypeptide</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PI3-Kinase P110 Subunit Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PtdIns-3-Kinase Subunit Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PI3-Kinase Subunit Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">EC 2.7.1.137</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">EC 2.7.1.153</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">EC 2.7.11.1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">P110-Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PI3Kalpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">P110alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">EC 2.7.1</span>
<sup>
<span title="Data Mining of Enzymes">48</span>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">CLAPO</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">CLOVE</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">MCMTC</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">CCM4</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">CWS5</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">MCAP</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">MCM</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank" title="NCBI Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>External Ids for PIK3CA Gene</h3>
<div class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap">
<ul class="list-inline"><li>HGNC: <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-source-accession="8975" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8975" target="_blank">8975</a></li><li>NCBI Gene: <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank">5290</a></li><li>Ensembl: <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000121879" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000121879" target="_blank">ENSG00000121879</a></li><li>OMIM®: <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="OMI" data-ga-source-accession="171834" href="https://omim.org/entry/171834" target="_blank">171834</a></li><li>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336" target="_blank">P42336</a></li></ul><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>NCBI Gene Summary for PIK3CA Gene</h3>
<a class="gc-ga-link glyphicon glyphicon-new-window " data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-source-accession="5290" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290#summary" target="_blank" title="See NCBI Gene entry for PIK3CA"></a>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is composed of an
85 kDa regulatory subunit and a 110 kDa catalytic subunit. The protein
encoded by this gene represents the catalytic subunit, which uses ATP to
phosphorylate PtdIns, PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2. This gene has been
found to be oncogenic and has been implicated in cervical cancers. A
pseudogene of this gene has been defined on chromosome 22. [provided by
RefSeq, Apr 2016]</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>CIViC Summary for PIK3CA Gene</h3>
<a class="gc-ga-link glyphicon glyphicon-new-window " data-ga-action="CVC" data-ga-source-accession="https://civicdb.org/links/genes/37" href="https://civicdb.org/links/genes/37" target="_blank"></a>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>PIK3CA is the most recurrently mutated gene in
breast cancer, and has been found to important in a number of cancer
types. An integral part of the PI3K pathway, PIK3CA has long been
described as an oncogene, with two main hotspots for activating
mutations, the 542/545 region of the helical domain, and the 1047 region
of the kinase domain. PIK3CA, and its interaction with the AKT and mTOR
pathways, is the subject of an immense amount of research and
development, and PI3K inhibition has seen some limited success in recent
clinical trials. While monotherapies seem to be limited in their
potential,<b><span style="color: red;"> there is a recent interest in pursuing PI3K inhibition as
part of a combination therapy regiment with inhibition partners
including TKI's, MEK inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and in breast cancer,
aromatase inhibitors.</span></b></p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for PIK3CA Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>PIK3CA (Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with PIK3CA include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/megalencephaly_capillary_malformation_polymicrogyria_syndrome" target="_blank" title="See Megalencephaly-Capillary Malformation-Polymicrogyria Syndrome at MalaCards">Megalencephaly-Capillary Malformation-Polymicrogyria Syndrome</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/congenital_lipomatous_overgrowth_vascular_malformations_and_epidermal_nevi" target="_blank" title="See Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular Malformations, And Epidermal Nevi at MalaCards">Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular Malformations, And Epidermal Nevi</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/downstream_signaling_of_activated_fgfr2" target="_blank" title="See Downstream signaling of activated FGFR2 at Pathcards">Downstream signaling of activated FGFR2</a> and <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/translation_insulin_regulation_of_translation" target="_blank" title="See Translation Insulin regulation of translation at Pathcards">Translation Insulin regulation of translation</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <em>transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups</em> and <em>protein serine/threonine kinase activity</em>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PIK3CB" target="_blank">PIK3CB</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for PIK3CA Gene</h3>
</div>
<p>
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol
(PI) and its phosphorylated derivatives at position 3 of the inositol
ring to produce 3-phosphoinositides (PubMed:<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15135396/" target="_blank">15135396</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23936502/" target="_blank">23936502</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28676499/" target="_blank">28676499</a>).
Uses ATP and PtdIns(4,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to
generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) (PubMed:<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15135396/" target="_blank">15135396</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28676499/" target="_blank">28676499</a>).
PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to
the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades
involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and
morphology. Participates in cellular signaling in response to various
growth factors. Involved in the activation of AKT1 upon stimulation by
receptor tyrosine kinases ligands such as EGF, insulin, IGF1, VEGFA and
PDGF. Involved in signaling via insulin-receptor substrate (IRS)
proteins. Essential in endothelial cell migration during vascular
development through VEGFA signaling, possibly by regulating RhoA
activity. Required for lymphatic vasculature development, possibly by
binding to RAS and by activation by EGF and FGF2, but not by PDGF.
Regulates invadopodia formation through the PDPK1-AKT1 pathway.
Participates in cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells through a AKT1
pathway. Participates in vasculogenesis in embryonic stem cells through
PDK1 and protein kinase C pathway. In addition to its lipid kinase
activity, it displays a serine-protein kinase activity that results in
the autophosphorylation of the p85alpha regulatory subunit as well as
phosphorylation of other proteins such as 4EBP1, H-Ras, the IL-3 beta c
receptor and possibly others (PubMed:<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23936502/" target="_blank">23936502</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28676499/" target="_blank">28676499</a>). Plays a role in the positive regulation of phagocytosis and pinocytosis (By similarity).
(
<a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336#function" target="_blank">PK3CA_HUMAN,P42336</a> )
</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Tocris Summary for PIK3CA Gene</h3>
<a class="gc-ga-link glyphicon glyphicon-new-window " data-ga-action="TOC" href="https://www.genecards.org/ProductRedirect?key=dwAAAAJnAAcAAABQSUszQ0EAEHQAFAAAAAJ2AAQAAABUT0MACnMACGIAAAJ1AD4AAABodHRwOi8vd3d3LnRvY3Jpcy5jb20vcGhhcm1hY29sb2dpY2FsQnJvd3Nlci5waHA%2fSXRlbUlkPTgwMzI2AApuAAphAAA%3d&section=summaries&subsection=" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="See Tocris entry for PIK3CA"></a>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>PI 3-Kinases (phosphoinositide 3-kinases, PI
3-Ks) are a family of lipid kinases capable of phosphorylating the 3'OH
of the inositol ring of phosphoinositides. They are responsible for
coordinating a diverse range of cell functions including proliferation
and survival.</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Gene Wiki entry for PIK3CA Gene</h3>
<a class="gc-ga-link glyphicon glyphicon-new-window " data-ga-action="GWI" data-ga-source-accession="P110α" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P110%ce%b1" target="_blank" title="See Gene Wiki entry for PIK3CA"></a>
</div>
</div><dl class="dl-horizontal gc-dl-9"><dt>Cytogenetic band:</dt><dd>
<ul class="list-inline"><li>3q26.32 by <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="HGN" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8975" target="_blank">HGNC</a></li><li>3q26.32 by <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="ENT" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5290" target="_blank">NCBI Gene</a></li><li>3q26.32 by <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="ENS" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000121879" target="_blank">Ensembl</a></li><li> </li></ul><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap">
<dl class="dl-inline"><dt>Protein Symbol:</dt><dd><a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="P42336" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P42336" target="_blank">P42336-PK3CA_HUMAN</a></dd><dt>Recommended name:</dt><dd>Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform</dd></dl>
<dl class="dl-inline"><dt><br /></dt></dl></div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection" id="proteins-attributes">
<h3>Protein attributes for PIK3CA Gene</h3>
<div class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap">
<dl class="dl-horizontal dl-horizontal-unaligned"><dt>Size:</dt><dd>1068 amino acids</dd><dt>Molecular mass:</dt><dd>124284 Da</dd></dl>
<dl class="dl-horizontal dl-horizontal-unaligned"><dt>Protein existence level:</dt><dd><a class="gc-ga-link" data-action="SWI" href="https://www.uniprot.org/help/protein_existence" target="_blank" title="View types of evidence for the existence of a protein at UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">PE1</a></dd></dl>
<dl class="dl-horizontal dl-horizontal-unaligned"><dt>Quaternary structure:</dt><dd>
<br />
<ul><li>Heterodimer of a catalytic subunit PIK3CA and a p85 regulatory subunit (PIK3R1, PIK3R2 or PIK3R3) (PubMed:<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26593112/" target="_blank">26593112</a>).<br />Interacts with IRS1 in nuclear extracts (By similarity).<br />Interacts with RUFY3 (By similarity).<br />Interacts with RASD2 (By similarity).<br />Interacts with APPL1.<br />Interacts with HRAS and KRAS (By similarity).<br />Interaction
with HRAS/KRAS is required for PI3K pathway signaling and cell
proliferation stimulated by EGF and FGF2 (By similarity).<br />Interacts with FAM83B; activates the PI3K/AKT signaling cascade (PubMed:<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23676467/" target="_blank">23676467</a>).</li></ul>
</dd><dt>Miscellaneous:
</dt><dd><ul><li>The avian sarcoma virus 16 genome encodes an oncogene derived from PIK3CA.</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
<h3>Molecular function for PIK3CA Gene according to UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot KTS- gene cards lähteestä jatkoteksti: <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PIK3CA&keywords=PIK3CA">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PIK3CA&keywords=PIK3CA</a><br /></h3></dd></dl>
</div>
</div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-15981377092357433142024-01-02T22:34:00.004+01:002024-01-02T23:04:05.659+01:00Onkologia: Rintasyövän metastasoimissuunnat <p> 2020</p><p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2"> https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2</a></p><ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"><li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li><li class="c-article-identifiers__item">
<a class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research">Open access</a>
</li><li class="c-article-identifiers__item"><a data-track-action="publication date" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#article-info">Published: <time datetime="2020-12-09">09 December 2020</time></a></li></ul>
<h4 class="c-article-title" data-article-title="" data-test="article-title" style="text-align: left;">A metastasis map of human cancer cell lines</h4>
<ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short js-no-scroll" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list" data-test="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-author-popup="auth-Xin-Jin-Aff1" data-corresp-id="c1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#auth-Xin-Jin-Aff1">Xin Jin<svg aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" height="16" width="16"><use></use></svg></a>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-author-popup="auth-Zelalem-Demere-Aff1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#auth-Zelalem-Demere-Aff1">Zelalem Demere</a>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen">et al <br /></li></ul>
<p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info">
<a data-test="journal-link" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a>
<b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 588</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>331–336 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2020</span>)<a class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#citeas">Cite this article</a> Abstract</p>Most
deaths from cancer are explained by metastasis, and yet large-scale
metastasis research has been impractical owing to the complexity of in
vivo models. Here we introduce an in vivo barcoding strategy that
is capable of determining the metastatic potential of human cancer cell
lines in mouse xenografts at scale. We validated the robustness,
scalability and reproducibility of the method and applied it to 500 cell
lines<sup><a aria-label="Reference 1" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d941882797e687" title="Barretina, J. et al. The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia enables predictive modelling of anticancer drug sensitivity. Nature 483, 603–607 (2012).">1</a>,<a aria-label="Reference 2" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d941882797e690" title="Ghandi, M. et al. Next-generation characterization of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. Nature 569, 503–508 (2019).">2</a></sup>
spanning 21 types of solid tumour. We created a first-generation
metastasis map (MetMap) that reveals organ-specific patterns of
metastasis, enabling these patterns to be associated with clinical and
genomic features. We demonstrate the utility of MetMap by investigating
the molecular basis of breast cancers capable of metastasizing to the
brain—a principal cause of death in patients with this type of cancer.
<b>Breast cancers capable of metastasizing to the brain showed evidence of
altered lipid metabolism. </b>Perturbation of lipid metabolism in these
cells curbed brain metastasis development, suggesting a therapeutic
strategy to combat the disease and demonstrating the utility of MetMap
as a resource to support metastasis research<p><b> ..</b></p><p><b> </b><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track-action="view figure" data-track-label="image" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><img alt="figure 4" aria-describedby="Fig4" height="685" src="https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2969-2/MediaObjects/41586_2020_2969_Fig4_HTML.png" width="685" /></picture></a></p><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p><b>a</b>,<b> Somatic mutations that associate with brain metastatic potential in the basal-like breast cancer cohort. </b>The top correlate, <b><i>PIK3CA</i>, </b>reaches statistical significance (FDR = 0.0034, highlighted in bold). <b>All <i>PIK3CA</i>
mutations are activating. </b>Positive correlations are in red, negative
correlations are in blue. Selected known oncogenes or tumour suppressors
in basal-like breast cancer are presented for comparison. <b>b</b>,
Alterations in copy number that associate with brain metastatic
potential. The top correlates cluster in chr 8p12–8p21.2 (FDR = 0.0017,
highlighted in bold). <b>c</b>, Gene-expression signatures that associate with brain metastatic potential. Bars indicate <i>P</i>
values. Expression signature scores were projected for each cell line
with their in vitro RNA-seq data and used for regression analysis. GO
(Gene Ontology), Hallmark, Reactome and Burton are gene sets in the
MSigDB gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) collection. <b>d</b>, <b>Lipid-metabolite species that associate with brain metastatic potential</b>. Bars indicate <i>P</i>
values. Lipid metabolites measured by mass spectrometry were grouped by
species, and enrichment analysis of the species was performed using
GSEA. CE, cholesterol ester; PC, phosphatidylcholine; SM, sphingomyelin;
LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; LPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; DAG,
diacylglycerol; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway metabolites. <b>e</b>,
Heat map presenting distribution of lipid species measured by mass
spectrometry from different mouse tissues. Gastroc, gastrocnemius. <b>f</b>, CRISPR gene dependencies that associate with brain metastatic potential. The top gene, <i>SREBF1</i>
(FDR = 0.001), is a selective dependency in highly brain metastatic
lines. Positive correlations are in red, negative correlations are in
blue. <b>g</b>, Distribution of <i>SREBF1</i> (top) and <i>SREBF2</i>
(bottom) dependencies across 688 human cancer cell lines. The positions
of highly brain metastatic (met) breast lines are highlighted in red,
whereas weakly metastatic or non-brain metastatic breast lines are
highlighted in blue. <b>h</b>, Consensus alterations in lipid species abundance upon <i>SREBF1</i> knockout (KO) in JIMT1 and HCC1806, two brain metastatic cell lines. Bars indicate adjusted <i>P</i>
values. Lipid metabolites measured by mass spectrometry were grouped by
species, and enrichment analysis of the species was performed using
GSEA. WT, wild type. <b>i</b>, Consensus gene-expression changes upon <i>SREBF1</i> knockout in JIMT1, HCC1806, HCC1954 and MDAMB231, four brain metastatic cell lines. The two top genes are <i>SREBF1</i> and <i>SCD</i> (FDR <0.05, highlighted in bold). <b>j</b>, Co-dependencies of <i>SREBF1</i> across 688 human cancer cell lines in genome-wide CRISPR viability screen. The two top genes are <i>SCD</i> and <i>SCAP</i> (FDR < 1 × 10<sup>−60</sup>, highlighted in bold).</p></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a aria-label="Full size image figure 5" class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track-action="view figure" data-track-dest="link:Figure5 Full size image" data-track-label="button" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2/figures/5" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" height="16" width="16"><use></use></svg></a></div><p>Given the observation that <i>SREBF1</i> knockout resulted in a viability defect in vitro (Extended Data Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig15">10a</a>),
we compared the relative effect of knockout on metastasis to different
organs, to determine whether the viability defect was preferentially
observed in brain (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig5">5d</a>).<b> Five weeks</b> following intracardiac injection of <i>SREBF1</i>-knockout
cells, we observed a marked defect in brain metastasis (196-fold
reduction), compared with a modest defect in other organs (9–21 fold)
(Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig5">5d</a>).
Histologic examination of brains from xenografted mice revealed large
metastatic lesions in mice receiving wild-type cells, whereas those
receiving <i>SREBF1</i>-knockout cells contained micrometastases (Extended Data Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig15">10b</a>), suggesting that <i>SREBF1</i>
is not required for <b>seeding the brain,</b> but rather for<b> proliferation in</b>
<b>the brain microenvironment.</b> Consistent with this hypothesis, <b>injection
of tumour cells into the carotid artery increased the probability of
seeding the brain</b>, but nevertheless a marked growth defect was still
observed in <i>SREBF1</i>-knockout cells (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig5">5e</a>).</p><p>To determine the generality of the <i>SREBF1</i> requirement for breast cancer growth in the brain, we knocked out <i>SREBF1</i>
in additional brain metastatic lines including HCC1954, MDAMB231 and
HCC1806 using CRISPR–Cas9. As with JIMT1, a significant inhibition in
brain metastatic growth was also observed in these lines, although the
magnitude and duration of growth inhibition varied (Extended Data Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig15">10c, d</a>). The least responsive cell line was HCC1806, in which <i>SREBF1</i>-knockout
cells displayed a brain growth defect for the first week, but then
assumed a growth trajectory that paralleled wild-type cells. This
restoration of growth was not explained by reversion of the genome
editing, as brain metastases at the end of the experiment showed
evidence of editing at the <i>SREBF1</i> locus and minimal <i>SREBF1</i> protein expression (Extended Data Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig15">10e, f</a>). Instead, we found that the <i>SREBF1</i>-independent
growth was associated with <b>upregulation of the fatty acid transporter</b>
<b>CD36 </b>and the <b>fatty acid-binding protein FABP6 </b>(Extended Data Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig15">10g</a>).
Of note, culture of HCC1806 in mouse brain-slice-conditioned medium
similarly resulted in upregulation of SCD and CD36 expression (Extended
Data Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig15">10h, i</a>). JIMT1 cells did not upregulate CD36 or FABP6 expression following <i>SREBF1</i> knockout (Extended Data Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#Fig15">10g</a>),
perhaps explaining their inability to survive in the brain. Together,
these results further demonstrate the <b>relationship between lipid
metabolism and brain metastasis</b>, as cells under the selective pressure
of <i>SREBF1</i> loss must acquire lipids by other means to survive in the brain microenvironment.</p><section data-title="Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h4 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Discussion</span></h4><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><p>This
work describes MetMap as an approach for large-scale in vivo
characterization of human cancer cell lines. The MetMap resource
(available at <a href="https://pubs.broadinstitute.org/metmap">https://pubs.broadinstitute.org/metmap</a>)
currently includes metastasis profiles of 500 cell lines spanning 21
tumour types, providing a large repertoire of models for exploration of
metastasis mechanisms. A limitation of the use of human cell lines for
such experiments is that they require the use of immunodeficient mice.
The extent to which the immune system has a role in mediating patterns
of metastasis remains to be determined<sup><a aria-label="Reference 37" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d148726391e1558" title="Angelova, M. et al. Evolution of metastases in space and time under immune selection. Cell 175, 751–765 (2018).">37</a></sup>.</p><p>We
followed up only a small proportion of the MetMap
findings—specifically, breast cancer metastasis to brain. Multiple lines
of experimental and clinical evidence pointed to a role of lipid
metabolism in governing the ability of cells to survive in the brain
microenvironment. The importance of lipid metabolism in cancer has been
highlighted by a number of studies, but its role in brain metastasis
has, to our knowledge, not been fully appreciated<sup><a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d148726391e1565" title="Zhang, M. et al. Adipocyte-derived lipids mediate melanoma progression via FATP proteins. Cancer Discov. 8, 1006–1025 (2018).">38</a>,<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d148726391e1565_1" title="Zou, Y. et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids from astrocytes activate PPARγ signaling in cancer cells to promote brain metastasis. Cancer Discov. 9, 1720–1735 (2019).">39</a>,<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d148726391e1565_2" title="Pascual, G. et al. Targeting metastasis-initiating cells through the fatty acid receptor CD36. Nature 541, 41–45 (2017).">40</a>,<a aria-label="Reference 41" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2969-2#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d148726391e1568" title="Sullivan, M. R. et al. Quantification of microenvironmental metabolites in murine cancers reveals determinants of tumor nutrient availability. eLife 8, e44235 (2019).">41</a></sup>.
The possibility that interfering with lipid or cholesterol metabolism
might abrogate metastatic growth in the brain is particularly
intriguing. More generally, this work illustrates the complex interplay
between cancer cell growth and the tissue microenvironment.</p></div></div></section><p><b> </b></p><p><b> 2023</b></p><p><b> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x<br /></a></b></p><h4 class="c-article-title" data-article-title="" data-test="article-title" style="text-align: left;">Pathway centric analysis for single-cell RNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics data with GSDensity</h4>
<ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short js-no-scroll" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list" data-test="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-author-popup="auth-Qingnan-Liang-Aff1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#auth-Qingnan-Liang-Aff1">Qingnan Liang</a>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-author-popup="auth-Yuefan-Huang-Aff1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#auth-Yuefan-Huang-Aff1">Yuefan Huang</a>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-author-popup="auth-Shan-He-Aff1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#auth-Shan-He-Aff1">Shan He</a> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-author-popup="auth-Ken-Chen-Aff1" data-corresp-id="c1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#auth-Ken-Chen-Aff1">Ken Chen<svg aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" height="16" width="16"><use></use></svg></a> </li></ul>
<a data-test="journal-link" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/ncomms"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Communications</i></a>
<b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 14</b>, Article number: <span data-test="article-number">8416</span> (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2023</span>)<p><b>GSDensity</b> can identify spatially relevant pathways in mouse brains and
human tumors including those following high-order organizational
patterns in the ST data. Particularly, we create a pan-cancer ST map
revealing spatially relevant and recurrently active pathways across six
different tumor types. <br /></p><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a aria-label="Full size image figure 3" class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track-action="view figure" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" data-track-label="button" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" height="16" width="16"><use></use></svg></a></div><p>The proliferative ability of tumor cells could be regulated through their interactions with the TIME<sup><a aria-label="Reference 27" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1526" title="Hinshaw, D. C. & Shevde, L. A. The tumor microenvironment innately modulates cancer progression. Cancer Res. 79, 4557–4567 (2019).">27</a>,<a aria-label="Reference 28" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1529" title="Whiteside, T. L. The tumor microenvironment and its role in promoting tumor growth. Oncogene 27, 5904 (2008).">28</a></sup>.
We then compared these actively dividing cells with other tumor cells
from the angle of cell-cell interaction between tumor and TIME. We
annotated the normal cells in the TNBC-1 dataset into two groups,
fibroblasts, and immune cells (Supplementary Fig. <a data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#MOESM1">6b, c</a>) and inferred the ligand-receptor interactions<sup><a aria-label="Reference 29" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1536" title="Jin, S. et al. Inference and analysis of cell-cell communication using CellChat. Nat. Commun. 12, 1–20 (2021). 2021 12:1.">29</a></sup>
between immune and tumor cells and between tumor and tumor cells. We
displayed all the ligand receptor-pairs in Supplementary Fig. <a data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#MOESM1">7a</a>
and found that the dividing cells showed a distinct profile of the
GAS6-TYRO3 axis. All the other ligand-receptor pairs showed differential
enrichments in either immune-tumor interaction or tumor-tumor
interaction, while GAS6-TYRO3 was the only pair that showed differential
enrichments in both groups. We then found that both the tumor cells and
the immune cells could express the ligand, GAS6, while only the
dividing tumor cells displayed high expression of the receptor, TYRO3
(Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig3">3h</a>),
which indicated the specific activation of the TYRO3 downstream
signaling in those cells. For confirmation, we also fetched actively
dividing tumor cells from another two TNBC datasets<sup><a aria-label="Reference 25" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1547" title="Gao, R. et al. Delineating copy number and clonal substructure in human tumors from single-cell transcriptomes. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 599–608 (2021). 2021 39:5.">25</a></sup>,
TNBC-2 and TNBC-5, and these cells also consistently showed high
relevance to glycolysis, mTORC1 signaling, and mitotic spindle
(Supplementary Fig. <a data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#MOESM1">6d–k</a>, <i>p</i>-value < 2.2e−16
for all groups, Chi-squared test). The high expression of TYRO3 in
actively dividing cells was also observed in the TNBC-5, confirming the
previous finding (<i>p</i>-value = 3.18e−8, Wilcoxon test, Supplementary Fig. <a data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#MOESM1">6l–m</a>). We then investigated this TYRO3 expression pattern in another published cohort with 8 TNBC patient samples<sup><a aria-label="Reference 30" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1563" title="Pal, B. et al. A single-cell RNA expression atlas of normal, preneoplastic and tumorigenic states in the human breast. EMBO J. 40, e107333 (2021).">30</a></sup>.
TYRO3 were lowly detected in 7 of the samples (detected in 1–8% of
tumor cells). In the only sample (GSM4909284_TN-MH0114-T2) with relative
high expression of TYRO3 (detected in 24% of tumor cells), the actively
dividing cells showed higher expression of TYRO3 than other tumor cells
(<i>p</i>-value = 0.039, Wilcoxon test, Supplementary Fig. <a data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#MOESM1">6n</a>).
These results indicated that the overall expression level of TYRO3 in
breast cancer cells is highly patient specific, while the high-TYRO3
expressing samples always had TYRO3 preferably express in a small group
of actively dividing cells. The GAS6-TYRO3 axis has been associated with
tumor cell proliferation, malignancy, and anti-PD1/PD-L1 resistance in
previous studies<sup><a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1574" title="Kasikara, C. et al. Pan-TAM tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-777607 Enhances Anti-PD-1 mAb efficacy in a murine model of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res. 79, 2669–2683 (2019).">31</a>,<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1574_1" title="Graham, D. K., Deryckere, D., Davies, K. D. & Earp, H. S. The TAM family: phosphatidylserine-sensing receptor tyrosine kinases gone awry in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 14, 769–785 (2014). 2014 14:12.">32</a>,<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1574_2" title="Jiang, Z. et al. TYRO3 induces anti–PD-1/PD-L1 therapy resistance by limiting innate immunity and tumoral ferroptosis. J. Clin. Invest 131, e139434 (2021).">33</a>,<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1574_3" title="Dufour, F. et al. TYRO3 as a molecular target for growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in bladder cancer. Br. J. Cancer 120, 555–564 (2019). 2019 120:5.">34</a>,<a aria-label="Reference 35" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1577" title="Hsu, P. L., Jou, J. & Tsai, S. J. TYRO3: a potential therapeutic target in cancer. Exp. Biol. Med. 244, 83 (2019).">35</a></sup>.
Thus, through the integration of data and prior knowledge using
GSDensity, we postulated a potential role TYRO3 in TNBC proliferation
using only a few TNBC samples with very sparse single-cell gene
expression profiles and generated a testable hypothesis for further
studies.</p><p>..</p><p>We applied GSDensity to a ST mouse forebrain dataset generated by the
10X Visium technology. We first clustered the data spots based on the
transcriptome (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5a</a>) and observed that all the clusters were also spatially segregated on the spatial map (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5b</a>).
Thus, the pathways with cluster-wise specificity would naturally
display spatial relevance in this data. However, it is unclear whether
there are high order organization of pathway activities across multiple
clusters, which would be undetectable in cluster-centric analysis. To
address this question, we first identified 727 GO biological process
terms with coordination in the dataset using GSDensity. For each term,
we calculated its spatial relevance and specificity for each cluster.
The spatial relevance is quantified by KL-divergence between the pathway
weighted kernel density estimation (KDE) and the equally weighted KDE
(Methods). The specificity of a pathway for a cluster is quantified by a
specificity score based on Jensen-Shannon divergence, with larger
values being more specific. We then plotted the 727 GO terms with their
spatial relevance and maximum cluster-wise specificity (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5c</a>).
As expected, the spatial relevance showed largely positive correlation
with cluster-wise specificity. Among the GO terms with high cluster-wise
specificity (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5c</a>,
red) are dopamine receptor signaling for Cluster 1, amyloid beta
formation for Cluster 5, ARP2/3 complex mediated actin nucleation for
Cluster 8/11, and oligodendrocyte development for Cluster 2 (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5d–g</a>). Interestingly, we also observed some GO terms with high spatial relevance and low cluster-wise specificity (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5c</a>,
blue). The cells highly relevant to these terms consisted of data spots
from multiple clusters with higher-order spatial organization (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5h–k</a>).
For example, positive regulation of cellular response to insulin
stimulus appeared highly active in the spots close to the caudal side
(Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5i</a>), while fatty acid oxidation to the ventral side (Fig. <a data-track-action="figure anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#Fig5">5j</a>). It has been known that insulin receptors are expressed in hypothalamus and hippocampus<sup><a aria-label="Reference 43" data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d734410520e1926" title="Lee, S. H., Zabolotny, J. M., Huang, H., Lee, H. & Kim, Y. B. Insulin in the nervous system and the mind: Functions in metabolism, memory, and mood. Mol. Metab. 5, 589–601 (2016).">43</a></sup>
which are both located close to the caudal side of this anterior
section. Although GSDensity was designed to perform cluster-independent
data analysis, we demonstrated that the pathway activity calculation by
GSDensity can be easily integrated with cell information, such as
cluster partition or spatial coordinates, when available. </p><p>..</p><p>Like the scenario of the mouse brain data, <b>some pathways were both
highly spatially relevant and highly cell-type specific, for example,
protein localization to synapse was highly specific to inhibitory
neurons and sensory perception of smell was highly specific to
excitatory neurons, both of which occupied localizations with spatial
relevance on the map </b>(Supplementary Fig. <a data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44206-x#MOESM1">10c, d</a>). </p><p> </p><p>.. <br /></p>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-68233875106502891722023-03-30T02:18:00.005+02:002023-03-30T02:18:52.708+02:00Virusten replikaatiossa on tärkeä osa fosfatidyyli-inositoli-4- kinaasilla (PI4K) ja sen produktilla PI(4)P <p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295212005163?via%3Dihub#fig0005"> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295212005163?via%3Dihub#fig0005</a></p><p> </p><div class="Publication" id="publication"><div class="publication-volume u-text-center"><br /><div class="text-xs"><a class="anchor anchor-default" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biochemical-pharmacology/vol/84/issue/11" title="Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"><span class="anchor-text">Volume 84, Issue 11</span></a>, 1 December 2012, Pages 1400-140</div></div></div><h4 class="Head u-font-gulliver u-h2 u-margin-s-ver" id="screen-reader-main-title" style="text-align: left;"><div class="article-dochead"><span>Commentary</span></div><span class="title-text">The role of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate during viral replication</span></h4><div class="Banner" id="banner"><div class="wrapper truncated"><div class="AuthorGroups text-s"><div class="author-group" id="author-group"><span class="sr-only">Author links open overlay panel</span></div></div></div></div>, , <div class="Social u-display-inline-block" id="social"><div class="popover social-popover" id="social-popover"><div id="popover-trigger-social-popover"></div></div></div><div class="ExportCitation u-display-inline-block" id="export-citation"><div class="popover export-citation-popover" id="export-citation-popover"><div id="popover-trigger-export-citation-popover"></div></div></div><div class="ArticleIdentifierLinks u-margin-xs-bottom text-xs" id="article-identifier-links"><a aria-label="Persistent link using digital object identifier" class="anchor doi anchor-default anchor-external-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.034" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" title="Persistent link using digital object identifier"><span class="anchor-text">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.07.034</span></a><a class="anchor rights-and-content anchor-default anchor-external-link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&contentID=S0006295212005163&orderBeanReset=true" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank"><span class="anchor-text">Get rights and content</span></a></div><section class="ReferencedArticles"></section><section class="ReferencedArticles"></section><div class="PageDivider">Abstract</div><div class="abstract author" id="aep-abstract-id11"><div id="aep-abstract-sec-id12"><p id="spar0010">Phosphoinositides
(PI) are phospholipids that mediate signaling cascades in the cell by
binding to effector proteins. Reversible phosphorylation of the inositol
ring at positions 3, 4 and 5 results in the synthesis of seven
different phosphoinositides. Each phosphoinositide has a unique
subcellular distribution with a predominant localization in subsets of
membranes. These lipids play a major role in recruiting and regulating
the function of proteins at membrane interfaces <a class="anchor workspace-trigger u-display-inline anchor-paragraph" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295212005163?via%3Dihub#bib0005" name="bbib0005"><span class="anchor-text">[1]</span></a>.
Several bacteria and viruses modulate and exploit the host PI
metabolism to ensure efficient replication and survival. Here, we focus
on the roles of cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and
phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases (PI4Ks) during the replication cycle of
various viruses. It has been well documented that phosphatidylinositol
4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ, EC 2.7.1.67) is indispensable for viral RNA
replication of several picornaviruses. Two recruitment strategies were
reported: (i) binding and modulation of GBF1/Arf1 to enhance recruitment
of PI4KIIIβ and (ii) interaction with ACBD3 for recruitment of
PI4KIIIβ. PI4KIII has also been demonstrated to be crucial for hepatitis
C virus (HCV) replication. PI4KIII appears to be directly recruited and
activated by HCV NS5A protein to the replication complexes. In contrast
to picornaviruses, it is still debated whether the α or the β isoform
is the most important. PI4KIII can be explored as a target for
inhibition of viral replication. The challenge will be to develop highly
selective inhibitors for PI4KIIIα and/or β and to avoid off-target
toxicity.</p><p id="spar0010">... <br /></p><p id="spar0010"><b> Various viruses have an impact on the host's lipid metabolism, </b>
<b>lipid/membrane transport and lipid mediated signal transduction.</b> A key
class of lipids involved in these cellular processes is the class of
phosphoinositides (PIs). Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is the basic
scaffold of the PIs (<a class="anchor workspace-trigger u-display-inline anchor-paragraph" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295212005163?via%3Dihub#fig0005" name="bfig0005"><span class="anchor-text">Fig. 1</span></a>).</p><p id="spar0010"> </p></div></div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-14649520576513938152023-03-30T01:36:00.005+02:002023-03-30T02:09:29.786+02:00PI fosfolipidiaineenvaihdunta Sars-Cov-1 koronavirusten infektiossa , PI4Kbeta tuottaa PI-4P fosfolipidiä, Fosfatidyyli.4-fosfaattia, (Ptd4P)<p> <span class="identifier doi"><span class="id-label">DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link" data-ga-action="DOI" data-ga-category="full_text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.312561" rel="noopener" target="_blank">
10.1074/jbc.M111.312561 </a> Tietoa vuodelta 2012 <br /></span></p><p><span class="identifier doi"> Tämä tutkimus on Sars-Cov-1 viruksesta. Tämä sars-Cov-2 on tehnyt olennaisen muutoksen juuri tuohon kohtaan , johon mahdollisesti on voitu kehittää jokin inhibiittori. Koetan ottaa selvää löytyykö nykyisestä pandemisesta jotakin vastaava akilleenkantapääkohtaa. Tässä ei tarkemmin näytetä tai kerrota mekanismia sars-1 viruksessa. (Aichi virus mainitaan). <br /></span></p><div class="article-citation">
<div class="article-source">
<div class="journal-actions dropdown-block"><button aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal The Journal of biological chemistry" class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" data-pinger-ignore="" id="full-view-journal-trigger" tabindex="0" title="The Journal of biological chemistry">
J Biol Chem
</button></div><span class="period"> </span><span class="cit">2012 Mar 9;287(11):8457-67.</span>
</div>
<span class="citation-doi">
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.312561.
</span>
<span class="secondary-date">
Epub 2012 Jan 17.
</span>
</div>
<h4 class="heading-title" style="text-align: left;">
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ is required for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike-mediated cell entry
</h4>
<div class="full-view" id="full-view-heading">
<div class="authors">
<div class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item"><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Ning Yang" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yang+N&cauthor_id=22253445">Ning Yang</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253445/#affiliation-1" title="State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item"><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Ping Ma" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ma+P&cauthor_id=22253445">Ping Ma</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item"><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Jianshe Lang" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lang+J&cauthor_id=22253445">Jianshe Lang</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item"><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Yanli Zhang" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+Y&cauthor_id=22253445">Yanli Zhang</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item"><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Jiejie Deng" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Deng+J&cauthor_id=22253445">Jiejie Deng</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item"><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Xiangwu Ju" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Ju+X&cauthor_id=22253445">Xiangwu Ju</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item"><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Gongyi Zhang" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Zhang+G&cauthor_id=22253445">Gongyi Zhang</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item"><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Chengyu Jiang" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Jiang+C&cauthor_id=22253445">Chengyu Jiang</a></span>
</div>
</div><ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"><li>
<span class="identifier pmc">
<span class="id-label">
PMCID:
</span>
<a class="id-link" data-ga-action="PMCID" data-ga-category="full_text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3318727/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">
PMC3318727
</a>
</span>
</li><li>
<span class="identifier doi">
<span class="id-label">
DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link" data-ga-action="DOI" data-ga-category="full_text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.312561" rel="noopener" target="_blank">
10.1074/jbc.M111.312561
</a>
</span>
</li></ul>
<span class="free-label">Free PMC article</span>
</div><header class="heading" id="heading">
</header>
<div class="abstract" id="abstract">Abstract
<div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract">
<p>
Phosphatidylinositol kinases (PI kinases) play an important role
in the life cycle of several viruses after infection. Using gene
knockdown technology, we demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase
IIIβ (PI4KB) is required for cellular entry by pseudoviruses bearing the
severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein
and that the cell entry mediated by SARS-CoV spike protein is strongly
inhibited by knockdown of PI4KB. Consistent with this observation,
pharmacological inhibitors of PI4KB blocked entry of SARS pseudovirions.
Further research suggested that PI4P plays an essential role in
SARS-CoV spike-mediated entry, which is regulated by the PI4P lipid
microenvironment. We further demonstrate that <b>PI4KB does not affect
virus entry</b> at the SARS-CoV <b>S-ACE2 binding interface or at the stage of
virus internalization </b>but rather <b>at or before virus fusion</b>. Taken
together, these results indicate a new function for PI4KB and suggest a
new drug target for preventing SARS-CoV infection. </p><p>Katson Gene Cards tiedon:</p><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Entrez Gene Summary for PI4KB Gene</h4>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>Enables 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity
and 14-3-3 protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process and
phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling. Located in Golgi membrane.
[provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
GeneCards Summary for PI4KB Gene
</h4>
</div>
<p><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B (Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Beta) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/nonparalytic_poliomyelitis" target="_blank" title="See Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis at Malacards">Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/poliomyelitis" target="_blank" title="See Poliomyelitis at Malacards">Poliomyelitis</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/metabolism" target="_blank" title="See Metabolism at Pathcards">Metabolism</a> and <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/pi_metabolism" target="_blank" title="See PI Metabolism at Pathcards">PI Metabolism</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <em>transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups</em> and <em>1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity</em>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PI4KA" target="_blank"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>A</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for PI4KB Gene</h4>
</div>
<p>
Phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol (PI) in the first committed step in
the production of the second messenger inositol-1,4,5,-trisphosphate
(PIP). May regulate Golgi disintegration/reorganization during mitosis,
possibly via its phosphorylation. Involved in Golgi-to-plasma membrane
trafficking (By similarity).
(
<a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#function" target="_blank"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B_HUMAN,Q9UBF8</a> )
</p>
<p>
(Microbial infection) Plays an essential role in Aichi virus RNA replication (PubMed:<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=22124328" target="_blank">22124328</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=27989622" target="_blank">27989622</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=22258260" target="_blank">22258260</a>). Recruited by ACBD3 at the viral replication sites (PubMed:<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=22124328" target="_blank">22124328</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=27989622" target="_blank">27989622</a>).
(
<a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#function" target="_blank"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B_HUMAN,Q9UBF8</a> )
</p>
<p>
(Microbial infection) Required for <b>cellular spike-mediated entry of human coronavirus</b> SARS-CoV.
(
<a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#function" target="_blank"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B_HUMAN,Q9UBF8</a> )
</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Gene Wiki entry for PI4KB Gene</h4><div class="gc-subsection">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">Aliases for PI4KB Gene</h4>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li> <span><strong>GeneCards Symbol:</strong></span>
<span class="aliasMainName"><i><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B</i></span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8984" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8984" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<a class="gc-help-icon glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign" data-ga-action="Help Icon Click" href="https://www.genecards.org/Guide/GeneCard#aliases_descriptions" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="See more information in the GeneCards Guide"></a></li><li>
<span class="aliasMainName">Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Beta</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8984" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8984" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000143393" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000143393" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>-BETA</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8984" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8984" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000143393" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000143393" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PIK4CB</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000143393" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000143393" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase, Catalytic, Beta</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8984" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8984" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PtdIns 4-Kinase Beta</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">EC 2.7.1.67</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<span title="Data Mining of Enzymes">48</span>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>III</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Pi4K</span>92</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="8984" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/8984" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000143393" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000143393" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>92</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NPIK</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase, Wortmannin-Sensitive</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Type III Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Beta</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>IIIBETA</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>-Beta</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>BETA</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="5298" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5298" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>beta</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">EC 2.7.1</span>
<sup>
<span title="Data Mining of Enzymes">48</span>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><p> 1q21.3 </p><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap">
<dl class="dl-inline"><dt>Protein Symbol: <a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="Q9UBF8" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UBF8" target="_blank">Q9UBF8-<span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B_HUMAN</a></dt><dt>Recommended name: Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta</dt></dl></div></div><dl class="dl-horizontal dl-horizontal-unaligned"><dt>Size: 816 amino acids</dt><dt>Molecular mass: 91379 Da</dt></dl>
<dl class="dl-horizontal dl-horizontal-unaligned"><dt>Cofactor: Name=<b>Mg</b>(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420;</dt><dt>Cofactor: Name=<b>Mn</b>(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29035;</dt></dl>
<dl class="dl-horizontal dl-horizontal-unaligned"><dt>Protein existence level:</dt><dd><a href="https://www.uniprot.org/help/protein_existence" target="_blank" title="View types of evidence for the existence of a protein at UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">PE1</a></dd></dl>
<dl class="dl-horizontal dl-horizontal-unaligned"><dt>Quaternary structure:</dt><dd>
<br />
<ul><li>Interacts with ARF1 and ARF3 in the Golgi complex, but not with ARF4, ARF5 or ARF6 (PubMed:<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=17555535" target="_blank">17555535</a>).<br />Interacts with NCS1/FREQ in a<b> calcium</b>-independent manner.<br />Interacts
with CALN1/CABP8 and CALN2/CABP7; in a calcium-dependent manner; this
interaction competes with NCS1/FREQ binding (By similarity).<br />Interacts with ACBD3 (PubMed:<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=23572552" target="_blank">23572552</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=27009356" target="_blank">27009356</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=27989622" target="_blank">27989622</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=22124328" target="_blank">22124328</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=22258260" target="_blank">22258260</a>).<br />Interacts with ARMH3, YWHAB, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAH, YWHAQ, YWHAZ and SFN (PubMed:<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=23572552" target="_blank">23572552</a>).<br />Interacts with GGA2 (via VHS domain); the interaction is important for <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B location at the Golgi apparatus membrane (PubMed:<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=28289207" target="_blank">28289207</a>).<br />Interacts with ATG9A (PubMed:<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=search&Dopt=b&term=30917996" target="_blank">30917996</a>).</li><li>(Microbial infection) Interacts with Aichi virus protein 3A.<br />Part of a complex Aichi virus protein 3A/ACBD3/<span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">PI4K</span>B that allows the synthesis of PI4P at the viral RNA replication sites.</li></ul>
</dd></dl><p> </p><p>( Toinen artikkeli seuraavassa otsikossa tästä entsyymistä)<br /></p>
</div>
</div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-22471022419189235222023-03-11T22:41:00.003+01:002023-03-11T22:41:17.892+01:00Kertailen ja pohdin M.Türkin antamia tietoja fytiinistä <p> Annedalsklinikan krijastossa nin tämän kirjan ensimmäisen kirjan. ja vuonna 2005 poimin muutamia asioita esiin ja nyt kertailen ja kommentoin 11.3. 2023 <br /></p><p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="en-GB">Lähde T</span><span lang="en-GB">ü</span><span lang="en-GB">rk
(Larsen) Maria. Cereal- and Microbial Phytases. Phytate
Degradation. Mineral binding and Absorption(1999 GU, Chalmers
University of technology. Department of Food Science)</span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Oma alkulause: </span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-GB">F</span></span></span><span lang="en-GB">ytiini
on pääasiallinen fosfaatin lähde kehoon. </span>Se on myös
merkittävä tekijä essentiellien mineraalien lähteenä. Fytiinin
rakenteen ytimenä <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">on
</span></span></span>myo-inositoli ja se on tärkeä lipositoliryhmän fosfolipidien muodostukselle: PI (PtdIns,
Fosfatidyyli-inositoli), PIP3, PIP2, IP3) nimisiä molekyylejä
sisältäv<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ä</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ssä</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">aineenvaihdunnan
ja signaloinnin </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">
moduli</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">ssa.
Tähän moduliin kuuluu ainakin 35 eri jäsentä, sekä
rasvaliukoisia että vesiliukoisia. Inositoli itse on vesiliukoinen.</span></span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">Inositolijohdannaiset</span></span></span>
osallistuvat laajaan solun sisäiseen fosfaattiaineenvaihduntaan ja
myös tuman ja genomin asioihin. Tämän takia valitsin suomentaa
kappaleita tästä molekyylistä <span lang="sv-SE">INOSITOLI</span>,
joka tulee kasvikunnan fytiinistä. Fytiini-nimensä se sai aluksi
sen takia, ettei oikein tiedetty kuuluuko se kasviskuituihin vai ei,
vaikka nyt tiedetään, että se on myös osa kiertokulkua
animaalisen kudoksen metabolisissa reiteissä, vaikkakaan sitä ei
riittävästi syntetisoidukaan kehossa ,sen sijaan sen perusrengasta
kierrät<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">tyy
aikansa. Luonto kyllä tarjoaa runsaasti fytiiniä varsinkin
viljassa, jyvissä, pähkinössä ja siemenissä. </span></span></span>
</span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Väitöskirja keskittyy kehon
ulkopuoliseen tapahtumaan, ravintofytiinin entsymaattiseen
pilkkoutumiseen fytaaseilla, mutta poimin väitöskirjsta
varsinaisesta fytiinimolekyylistä eräitä olennaisia ja
ainutlaatuisia seikkoja tähän suomennokseen. Joku onkin sanonut
että fytiini on kehon vahvin antioksidantti. Mene ja tiedä. </span>
</p>
<h3 class="western" lang="sv-SE"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Abstraktin
ja taustan suomennosta eräin osin</span></span></span></h3>
<div class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">“ <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Viljaruoat
sisältävät suuret määrät fytiiniä </span></span><span lang="en-GB"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(myo-inositoliheksafosfaattia; IP6), joka on kasvin pääasiallinen
fosforin varastomuoto. </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Fytiinillä
on suuri kyky kelatoida </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">divalentteja
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
mineraaleja kuten Fe</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">2+</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Zn </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">2+</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Mg</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">2+</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
ja Ca</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">2+</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Asialla on ravitsemuksellista merkitystä, koska sillä on negatiivista </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(?</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
vaikutusta ruoan välttämättömien elementtien biologiseen
saatavuuteen, </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">niin
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">sanotaan,
vaikka mielestäni asia voi olla mitä tärkeintä säätelevää ja
modifioivaa </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">sekä
todella </span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
tasapainottavaa vaikutusta ottaen huomioon millä taval</span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">la
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">nykyajan
ihminen syö erilaisia absorboituvia mineraaleja ravinnossaan </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Tämä
on oma mielipiteeni)</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Ruoan valmistuksen kuluessa voi IP6 osittain tai kokonaan hajota
pienemmiksi fosfaateiksi. Sen takia prosessoidut ruoat sisältävät
seoksen erilaisia inositolifosfaatteja, fosfaattiryhmiä on kuudesta
alaspäin IP6, IP5, IP4, IP3, IP2, IP. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">P</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">elkkä
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">fosfaattien
kanto</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ydin
on </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">polyalkoholi
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
myo-inositoli </span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Se
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
on </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
syklinen polyalk</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">o</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">holi,
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">rengasraken</span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">teinen.
</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(Siis
syklitolirenkaassa on kuudessa hiilessä kuusi alkoholiryhmää
(OH). </span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Tämä
väitöskirja käsittää kuvauksen
IP6-molekyylistä
ja sen haj<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">oamisesta
</span></span>
kohotetusta taikinasta
tehtyä leipää
valmistettaessa, sen hajomistuotteiden mineraaleja sitov<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">ista
</span></span>
ominaisuu<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">ksista
</span></span> ja
viljaperäisten ja mikrobiperäisten fytaasien vaikutukse<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">sta
</span></span>
IP6-hydrolyys<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">issä
</span></span>ja
ravinnon raudan imeytymis<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">estä
</span></span>
ihmisellä. </span>
</p>
<p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Fytaasientsyymi</span></p>
<p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Fytaasi
on fytiinille
spesifinen entsyymi. Kun
tässä puhutaan IP6 -molekyylin entsymaattisesta hajoittamisesta,
tarkoitetaan sivuketjujen,
eri fosfaatt<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">i</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">ryhmien
</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">purkamisesta.</span></span></span></p>
<p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black;"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="sv-SE">(</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
ja samalla fosfaattien
kiinnittämien
mineraalien <span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">irtoamisesta
</span></span> eri PH
miljöössä, fosfaattiryhmien pilkkoutum<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">isestä
irti </span></span>
sykli<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">tolista</span></span>,
joka <span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">itse
ei </span></span>tässä
hajoa, vaan sitten
taas sopivassa tilanteessa kuten ruoansulatuksen
alavirrassa- kon ihminen on syönyt fytaasilla pilkkoutunutta fytiiniä leivässään- kerää
takaisin kudos- ja soluspesifisesti fosfaattia
ja niihin mineraaleja riippuen
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">uudesta
</span></span>fosfaattiryhm<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">äkonformaatiosta. Tutkimustyö kohdistui <b> erilaisten pH-miljöiden merkitykseen</b> tässä asiassa) </span></span></span></span><br /></p><p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">( Tässä käännän vain
osia itse fytiinistä)</span></p><p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>
<div class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">” <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Metallijonien
Cu (2+), Zn (2+) ja Cd (2+)</span></span></span> sitoutuminen
inositolifosfaattien (IP6-IP3) eristettyihin fraktioihin tutkittiin
<b>pH 3-7 miljöössä</b>. Kaikilla tutkituilla
inositolifosfaattifraktioilla oli <b>huomattavaa</b> <b>sitomiskykyä pH 5-7
miljöössä</b>. Tämä osoittaa, että mineraalikompleksin
muodostuminen uudestaan alemmissa polyfosfaateissa (IP4 ja IP3)
saattaa tapahtua <b>duodenumin</b> alueella, mikä on ravitsemukselliselta
kannalta tärkeää tietää, jos kerran nämä kompleksit saattavat
estää mineraalien absorboitumista."</span></span></div>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></p><p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="sv-SE"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">"Fytaasit
ovat fosfataaseja.</span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Fytaasit,
jotka pystyvät hydrolysoimaan IP6 molekyyliä, jolloin syntyy
alempiasteisesti <b>fosforyloituja inositolifosfaatteja</b>. Tutkittiin sitä
vaikutusta inositoliheksafosfaatin hydrolysaatioon, mikä viljan (
vehnän) ja mikrobien ( Aspergillus niger ja Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) fytaaseilla vehnässä on. </span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Kun
<span lang="sv-SE">tehtiin </span>endogeeni<span lang="sv-SE">nen </span>
vehnäfytaasin aktivaatio, Bakerin hiivan ( S.cerevisiae) lisäys
ja erityisesti A.niger-peräisen fytaasin lisäys, aleni fytiinin
(IP6) <span lang="sv-SE">pitoisuus </span> leivottaessa."</span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><b>"Fytaasiaktiivisuuden
mittaus </b></span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Tutkija
kehitteli erityi<span lang="sv-SE">sen </span> metodin, jolla voitiin
määrätä fytaasin aktiviteetti</span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">mittaamalla
IP3 muodostusta. Koska eri fytaasit tuottavat<b> erilaisia
IP3-isomeerejä</b>, tätä metodia voidaan myös käyttää <b>erottamaan
eri lähteistä <span lang="sv-SE">tulevia</span> fytaaseja</b>. </span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Markkinoilla
olevat S-cerevisiae- kannat ovat osoittautuneet kykeneviksi
kehittämään fytaasiaktiviteettia, esim. kasvamaan synteettisessä
mediumissa IP6 ainoana fosforilähteenä. Molemmat tutkitut kannat
ilmensivät sellaista aineenvaihduntaa, joka oli hyvin sopeutunut
IP6-peräisen fosfaatin hyväksikäyttöön.</span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Fytaasit
osoittautuivat olevan <b>3-fytaasi tyyppiä </b>eli f<span lang="sv-SE">ytaasit
</span> poistavat inositolirenkaan <span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">kolmos</span></span>hiilessä
olevan fosfaatin. Tästä seuraa hajoamistuotteet IP5, IP4 ja IP3,
tarkemmin: DL-Ins ( 1, 2, 4, 5, 6)P5, DL-Ins (1, 2, 5, 6)P4 ja
DL-Ins (1,2,6)P3. </span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">//Huom:
IP3 tarkoittaa, että inositoli on sitä sarjaa , jossa on kolme
fosfaattiryhmää P. Mutta nämä kolme fosfaattiryhmää voivat
sijaita monella eri tavalla myo-inositolirenkaassa. Elävässä
solussa ne sijaitsevat usein asemissa 1,4 ja 5 ja IP3 voidaan
tarkentaa: <b>Ins (1,4,5) P3</b> ja se kuuluu tärkeimpiin
signaalinvälittäjäaineisiin ihmissoluissa. </span></span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Jos
P-kirjain on alussa, kuten PI, se tarkoittaa <b>fosfatidyyliryhmää</b>. Inositoli on silloin fosfatidyloitunut.
Jos P on I:n jäljessä, se tarkoittaa <b>fosfaattia</b>.Inositoli on <b>fosforyloitunut.</b> </span></span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(Fosfatidyyli</b>
on fosfatid<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">i</span></span>hapon
(PA<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">)</span></span>
<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">happotähde </span></span>
ja sitä on f<b>osfolipideissä</b> vastaamassa rasvahappojen kantamisesta
ja fosfolipidin kiinnittymisestä membraanirakenteisiin.muita fosfolipidejä ja membraanilipidejä ovat fosfatidyylikoliini eli lesitiini, fosfatidyyliseriini ja fosfatidyylietanolamini eli kefaliini sekä sfingomyeliini. Mitokondrioissa on kardiolipiini. Inositolien fosfolipidejä sanotaan <b>lipositoleiksi</b>.) </span></span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kun
PIP2 pilkkoutuu entsymaattisesti membraaneista esiin ja antaa
IP3-molekyyliä ja toi<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">sta</span></span>
molekyyliä DAG ja (diac<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">yl</span></span>glyseroli)
kaikki molekyylit jatkavat kier<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">to</span></span>kulkuaan
ja uudelleen rakentumis<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">taan ne ovat kuin solukonelaitteen osia </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">
signaalitehtävissä ja siksi niitä hyödynnetään ja kierrätetään,</span></span> esim. PI muotoon
takaisin ja sitten taas rasvaliukoisiksi membraaniosiksi (PIP, PIP2,
PIP3) kun taas vesiliukoiset IPx fosfaatit <span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">omaavat</span></span>
funktioverkostonsa sytosolin puolella. Ne voivat myös rikastua
jopa kantamaan 7 tai 8 fosfaattiakin. Mutta IP6 muoto on tärkeä
siksi että siinä vaiheessa se pääsee solusta ulos ja
munuaisiin asti ja tarvittaessa eritt<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">yy</span></span>
kehosta pois liikaa fosfaattia sen avulla. Rikastuneet
insitolifosfaatit voivat antaa selustatukea jopa ATP/GTP
energiajärjestelmille. Sivumennen: Hai k<span style="color: black;"><span lang="sv-SE">äyttää
</span></span>inositolienergiaa. Ihmisen harmaat aivosolut myös.
Solutumissakin on näitä korkeaenergisiä inositolifosfaatteja. Oma
muistiinpanoni //</span></span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
</p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;">
”<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Vehnäfytaasin
ja A-niger-fytaasin kyky lisätä raudan imeytymistä
fytaattipitoisesta ateriasta tutkittiin radioisotooppitekniikalla
koehenkilöiltä. Kun niitä fytaaseja <span lang="sv-SE">lisättiin
</span> ravintoon juuri kun alettiin syödä, endogeenisella
vehnäfytaasilla ei näyttänyt olleen tehoa, kun taas A.niger
-fytaasin havaittiin huomattavasti lisäävän raudan imeytymistä.</span></span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="sv-SE"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Abstraktin
avain sanat</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span>ovat: Fytaasi,
fytiinin pilkkoutuminen, mineraalien sitoutuminen, raudan absorptio,
vilja, dietääriset fytaasit, A.niger, S.cerevisiae.</span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="sv-SE">(Johdanto</span></span></span>-osasta
löytyy perusteellista tietoa fytiinistä! Tekniikan paraneminen johti syvällisempään tietoon fosfaattiaineenvaihdunnasta niihin aikoinin! Tässähän on kyse ihmisen bioenergiatason virrankannon välittäjämolekyyleistä ja "maadutustavoista" tietynlaisen elektroneutraaliuden pitämiseksi yllä eikä fosfaatti koskaan esiinny yksinään. Se on puskuriaines, toisaalta se toimii vahvistajana tarpeellisille Ca(2+)-stimuluksille.) <br /></span></p>
<p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></p><p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Nyo-inositoli <br /></span></p><p class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: small;">Myo-inositoli molekyylillä
on kaksi chiraalipuoliskoa. Sillä on C2 -ja C5 -hiilien kautta
kulkevan tason
suhteen symmetriaa. Jos C2 -tai C5- OH-substituoituu, se ei häiritse
yhtäläisyyttä, sen sijaan muitten asemien substituutio johtaa
chiraaliseen tuotteeseen, joka on merkittävä joko D- tai
L-muodoksi. Chiraaliset agenssit, kuten entsyymit, pystyvät
erottamaan näitä eri muotoja, D- tai L- isomeerejä,
enantiomeereja. Aiemmin suositeltu numerointi oli sellainen, että
pyrittiin matalimpiin
subtituenttinumeroihin. Mutta nykyään suositellaan numerointi
tehtävän D-muotoon ”counterclock wise”, vastapäivään
Agranofin kilpikonnahahmoisessa molekyylissä (Agranofs turtle). Tämä
kilpikonna oli kirjan kansikuvana.</span></p>
<p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.04in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Fosfatidyyli-ryhmä
(Ptd)
asettuu ykköskohtaan; ykköskohdan voi sijoittaa oikealle
alakulmaan.</span></p>
<p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.04in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Tällöin Agranofin vuonna
1983 esitetty muistiapu kilpikonna katsoo oikealle, oikea tassu on
1-, pää 2-( aksiaalisen hydroksyylin paikka), vasen tassu 3-, vasen
takatassu 4-, häntä 5-, ja oikea takatassu 6-hiilessä)</span></p>
<p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.04in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">NC-IUB- nimitys ”ins”
tarkoittaa D-konfiguraatiossa olevaa myo-inositolisa, ellei erikseen
ole mainittu etuliite L. </span></p><p align="justify" class="western" lang="sv-SE" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.04in;"><span style="font-size: small;">(jatkuu) </span>
</p>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-3720038910862118632022-10-22T13:49:00.000+02:002022-10-22T13:49:08.467+02:00Kisseleva MV artikkeleita PubMed haku <p> </p><div class="results-amount">
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</div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-30569173127833554242022-10-22T13:44:00.003+02:002022-10-22T13:52:27.437+02:00Ooms L et al. Inositolipolyfosfaattien 5-aseman fosfataaseja on kymmenen: ( IPx-5-ptases)<p><span class="identifier doi"><span class="id-label"> Inositolipolyfosfaattien 5- aseman fosfataasien joukossa on 5-ptaasiIV joka on ppfsfpinositidi PI(3,4,5)P3 spesifinen ja vaikuttaa myös PI(4,5)P2, muotoon, jolloin produktit ovat PI(3,4)P2 ja PI(4)P. Tämä vaikuttaa tasapainonmuutosta PI3K- kinaasin produktien kesken: (PI(3,4,5)P3 ja PI(3,4)P2 ja samalla PKB/AKT-signalointitiehen) (Kisseleva MV kirjoitti asiasta 2002 seuraavassa 10 kpl Kisselevan artikkeleita PubMedistä).<br /></span></span></p><p><span class="identifier doi"><span class="id-label"> Document: Current. </span></span></p><p><span class="identifier doi"><span class="id-label">Lisa Ooms et al. 2009 </span></span><span class="identifier doi"><span class="id-label"></span></span></p><p><span class="identifier doi"><span class="id-label"> Abstract: R</span></span><span class="article-client_type">eview Article</span><span class="pipe">|</span>
<span class="article-date">March 13 2009</span>
</p><div class="widget-items">
<h4 class="wi-article-title article-title-main" style="text-align: left;">
The role of the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases in cellular function and human disease</h4></div><p><span class="identifier doi"><span class="id-label">DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link" data-ga-action="DOI" data-ga-category="full_text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20081673" rel="noopener" target="_blank">
10.1042/BJ20081673 </a></span></p><p>Phosphoinositides are membrane-bound signalling molecules that regulate
cell proliferation and survival, cytoskeletal reorganization and
vesicular trafficking by recruiting effector proteins to cellular
membranes. Growth factor or insulin stimulation induces a canonical
cascade resulting in the transient phosphorylation of PtdIns(4,5)<i>P</i><sub>2</sub> by PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) to form PtdIns(3,4,5)<i>P</i><sub>3</sub>,
which is rapidly dephosphorylated either by PTEN (phosphatase and
tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) back to PtdIns(4,5)<i>P</i><sub>2</sub>, or by the 5-ptases (inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases), generating PtdIns(3,4)<i>P</i><sub>2</sub>. The 5-ptases also hydrolyse PtdIns(4,5)<i>P</i><sub>2</sub>, forming PtdIns4<i>P</i>.
Ten mammalian 5-ptases have been identified, which share a catalytic
mechanism similar to that of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases.
Gene-targeted deletion of 5-ptases in mice has revealed that these
enzymes regulate haemopoietic cell proliferation, synaptic vesicle
recycling, insulin signalling, endocytosis, vesicular trafficking and
actin polymerization. Several studies have revealed that the molecular
basis of Lowe's syndrome is due to mutations in the 5-ptase OCRL
(oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe). Futhermore, the 5-ptases SHIP [SH2
(Src homology 2)-domain-containing inositol phosphatase] 2, SKIP
(skeletal muscle- and kidney-enriched inositol phosphatase) and
72-5ptase (72 kDa 5-ptase)/Type IV/Inpp5e (inositol polyphosphate
5-phosphatase E) are implicated in negatively regulating insulin
signalling and glucose homoeostasis in specific tissues. SHIP2
polymorphisms are associated with a predisposition to insulin
resistance. Gene profiling studies have identified changes in the
expression of various 5-ptases in specific cancers. In addition,
5-ptases such as SHIP1, SHIP2 and 72-5ptase/Type IV/Inpp5e regulate
macrophage phagocytosis, and SHIP1 also controls haemopoietic cell
proliferation. Therefore the 5-ptases are a significant family of
signal-modulating enzymes that govern a plethora of cellular functions
by regulating the levels of specific phosphoinositides. Emerging studies
have implicated their loss or gain of function in human disease.<span class="identifier doi"> </span></p>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-33179638552038963092022-10-20T21:21:00.007+02:002022-10-20T22:14:54.057+02:00Annexiini A2 toimii myeliinialueellakin ja on membraaniappositiossa apuna (2022 tietoa) <p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020470">https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9020470</a></p><p> </p><p>Huomaa: Myeliini on hermojen kaapeliainetat ja sen takia siinä ei ole inositolijärjestelmän nopeasti vaihtuvia ja impulssikehitystä ja energiamuodostusta tukevia modulijäseniä niin merkattu esiin. Siihen sen sijaan uppotuu pitkn kestäiä rakenteita, jotka tietysti uusiutuat pikkuhiljaa, koska aivomodulilla on se rasvarakenteittensa puoliintumisaika ja uusiintumisaikansa. </p><p> Sen sijaan neuronien puoella signaalia lähettävissä terminaalei ja energian generaattorikohdissa kyllä niitä PI-lipidiaineita havaitaan. runsaammin: Harmaan aineen soluissa. Otan tähän fytiiniblogiin mukaan myeliinin kaapelirakenteen korostaakseni että inositolipideillä on ietty oma modulinsa joka toimii kalvojärjestelmän ja sytoplasman rajapinnoissa energian kehityksessä ja signaalien aikaansaamisessa. Niitten molekyylien toimintasykli on nopeahkoa. Myös haiman harmaiden saarekkeiden soluilla on samantapaista inositoli-lipidien ja inositolipolyfosfaattien modulin toimintaa- energiatarkoituksiin koko keholle ja energiainetta aivojen tarpeisiin tuottamiseen, koska neuronien energiatarve on jatkuva ja neuronin resurssit toimia metabolisesti ovat rajalliset. . </p><p>Mitkondrioilla, joilla on oma DNA:nsa mtDNA, on myös omanlaatuisensa kalvolipidi kardiolipiini, jota ei ole aivorakenteissa eikä haimassa muuta kuin solujen mitokondrioissa ( ja niiden kalvojärjestelmissä sijaitsee mm. ihmisen energialaitos). </p><p>Onko annexiineillä jotakin osuutta kardiolipiinissäkin, kun annexeenja on toista tuhatta muissakin kuin selkärankaisissa. saattaa olla, mutta ei niitä ANX A-tyyppisiä, vertebrata tyyppisiä, luulisin. Ihmisen oman DNA:n koodaama ANXA voi ilmeisesti translokoitua mitokondraian ja aiheutaa apoptoosin kuten ANX5 ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4256031/).<br /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> <br /></p>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-935368390170179962022-10-20T14:35:00.005+02:002022-10-20T14:35:37.169+02:00Annexin A2 (ANXA2) sitoutuu PI (4,5)P2 -fosfatidylinositidilajiin solun cytokineesin alkutapahtumissa.<p>
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Scholar</a></p>
</li></ul>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-61369616005120223772022-10-19T23:17:00.006+02:002022-10-20T14:58:25.989+02:00Lipocortin III, ANXA3 tuottaa (hydrolysoi esiin) Inositoli-1-fosfaattimuotoa Ins-2-fosfaatista. <p>Reaktion merkitys: Katabolinen inositolipolyfosfaattien purkaminen fosfaateista takaisin siihen inositolimuotoon, muotoon, josta voi jälleen alkaa fosfolipidien synteesi ( kuten myoinositolin fosfatidihapon ja CTP-energian avulla de novo) solussa kohti PI, PIP, PIP2 muotoja).<br /></p><p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/annexin"> https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/annexin</a></p><div class="snippet-ctas u-remove-if-print"></div><div class="snippet-content"><h2 class="u-font-serif u-text-light" id="tp-snippet-chp-title-B9780121504038500099"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Inositol Phosphate Metabolism" data-aa-region="aa-tp-snippet-chp-title" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780121504038500099"><span class="anchor-text">Inositol Phosphate Metabolism</span></a></h2><div class="size-l"><cite><p><span>Theodora S. Ross, in </span><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation: Signal Transduction in Inflammatory Cells, Part A" data-aa-region="aa-tp-snippet-bk-title" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780121504038/cellular-and-molecular-mechanisms-of-inflammation"><span class="anchor-text">Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation: Signal Transduction in Inflammatory Cells, Part A</span></a>, 1992</p></cite><section id="B9780121504038500099-cesec8"><h3>Cyclic Hydrolase</h3><p id="B9780121504038500099-para21"><span>The primary sequence of the cyclic <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/hydrolase" title="Learn more about hydrolase from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">hydrolase</a>
is identical to that of <b>lipocortin III,</b> a member of a large family of
homologous calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins without defined
biological functions (</span><span>88</span><span>). Some of these
proteins have been shown to be phosphorylated in response to growth
factors. The purified enzyme (33 kDa) is inhibited by <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/inositol" title="Learn more about inositol from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">inositol</a> 2-phosphate [Ins(</span><span>2</span>)P], Zn<sup>2+</sup><span>, and glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns) and stimulated by acidic <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/phospholipids" title="Learn more about phospholipids from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">phospholipids</a> (</span><span>87</span>, <span>89</span>). The pattern of interaction with particular phospholipids is the same as that previously observed for lipocortins (<span>88</span>, <span>90</span>). The mechanism of inhibition by GroPIns is due to its ability to act as a substrate for this enzyme (<span>89</span>).
The regulatory significance of this reaction is unclear, as the level
of GroPIns-hydrolyzing activity measured in cellular extracts does not
inversely correlate with the cellular levels of GroPIns (T. S. Ross and
P. W. Majerus, unpublished observations). The presence of significant
amounts of Ins(<span>2</span>)P and GroPIns in cells has been well documented (<span>89</span>, <span>91</span>) and suggests that they may function as regulators of cellular cIns(1:2)P levels.</p><p id="B9780121504038500099-para22">Measurement
of the cyclic hydrolase activity in cellular extracts has unveiled a
very interesting pattern. Cells with relatively low to nondetectable
activity were either completely transformed or partially transformed (<span>92</span><span>). When levels of cyclic <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/inositol-phosphate" title="Learn more about inositol phosphates from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">inositol phosphates</a>
were measured in these cells, it was found that cIns(1:2)P increased in
proportion to the decreased cyclic hydrolase activity. The <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/enzyme-activity" title="Learn more about enzyme activity from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">enzyme activity</a>
is also increased within one cell type when it is in a confluent state
as compared to a logarithmically growing state. Overexpression of cyclic
hydrolase in cells decreases the cIns(1:2)P levels as well as the final
saturation density. In addition, high endogenous expression of cyclic
hydrolase in cells tends to </span><span id="B9780121504038500099-p163"></span><span>correlate
with the differentiated state (e.g., high levels in platelets, brain,
and neutrophils and low levels in several immortalized <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/tissue-culture-cell" title="Learn more about tissue culture cell from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">tissue culture cell</a> lines of fibroblasts and T cells). The finding that this correlation exists both in nature and during <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/heterologous-expression" title="Learn more about heterologous expression from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">heterologous expression</a>
of the enzyme makes the discovery of a cellular function for cIns(1:2)P
likely to be successful. Further studies of the regulation of the
cyclic hydrolase activity and cIns(1:2)P cellular levels will yield
valuable information as to how to continue the quest for the function(s)
of the cyclic bond.</span></p><p id="B9780121504038500099-para22"><span> </span></p><p id="B9780121504038500099-para22"><a href="https://www.jlr.org/article/S0022-2275(20)34570-3/fulltext"><span> https://www.jlr.org/article/S0022-2275(20)34570-3/fulltext</span></a></p><p id="B9780121504038500099-para22"><a href=" https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9505"><span> https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms9505</span></a></p><p id="B9780121504038500099-para22"><span> Jälkimmäisessä artikkelsisa näkyy se Ins-1 fosfaattimuoto, oka rikastuu PIP muotoon eli muuttuu samalla vesiliukoisten poly ja monofosfaattein puolelta rasvaliukoisiin, fosfolipidien puolelle, jolloin siitä tulee annexiinijärjestelmälle molekyyli, johon jokin ANX voi sitoutua. Ainakin ANXA2 tumankalvon modifioinneissa solunjaossa sytokineesin alussa. PI(4,5)P2 muoto on tuma-alueelle tunnusomainen PL-muoto. ( salvage tie, ei: de novo tie) <br /></span></p></section></div></div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-17840915683984914602022-10-18T16:10:00.002+02:002022-10-18T16:10:19.586+02:00ANGIOSTATIINI ja sen hyödylliset ominaisuudet. "Angiostatiini"-valmistettakin on. <p> Normaalisti verisuonistossa kiertävästä Glu-plasminogeenistä muodstuu - sen havaittua hyytymää ja kiinnityttyä siihen suonen sisäpinnalla- plasminogeeniä. Normaalisti kuitenkin muodostuu myös angiostatiinia 3%:sti plasminogeenistä. Onpohdittu, miten se muodostuu.</p><p>tiedetään ainkin, että matrixmetalloproteiineista käsin- niiden aktivoiduttua plasmiinista preMMP-muodosta MMP-muotoon, usea MMP pystyy pilkkomaan Glu-PLG- muodsta angiotensiinia esiin. Näistä on mainittu elastaasi tässä alla olevassa linkissä. Elastaasi voi tuottaa kahta eri kokoa angiostatiinia: toisessa on 4 rinkulaa jäljellä ja toisessa vain 3 rinkulaa, niitä rinkuloita , joita plasminogeenillä ja plasmiinilla on 5 kpl. </p><p>Ainakin lyhemmällä angiostatiinilla on havaittu aivan tuumorin kasvua vastustavaa vaikutusta. Suoniston sisällä hyytymässä alkavaa neovaskularisaatiotaipumusta tietysti vastustaa heti jo angiostatiinin pitempikin muoto. tuumorfeista on identifioitu angiostatiinin kaltainen molekyyli, joka oli hieman päistään lyhempi kuin normaalit angiostatiinimuodot. Lääketehdas taas on kehittänyt angiostatiinimuodon, joka kattaa angiostatiinin molempien päiden rakenteet ja on tehty verisuoistossa kiertävästä plasminogeenistä. Sillä on todettu eläinkokeissa antiproleratiivista vaikutusta, tosin sen käyttäminen tai testaaminen lääkkeenä ei ole helppoa,sillä rakenneta täytyy säilyttää alle 70 celsiusasteen pakkasessa. </p><p><a href="https://www.haemtech.com/products/protease-inhibitors/human-angiostatin">https://www.haemtech.com/products/protease-inhibitors/human-angiostatin</a><br /></p><p> <br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p><br /></p>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-49493217798502245442022-10-18T11:53:00.008+02:002022-10-18T14:13:49.779+02:00Perustava molekyyli PLASMINOGEENI (PLG) omaa kaksi glykoformia ihmisessä Tyyppi I ja Tyyppi II <p><a href="https://diapharma.com/plasminogen-plg/"> https://diapharma.com/plasminogen-plg/</a></p><div class="row">
<div class="col-sm-12">
<h4 class="title" style="text-align: left;">Sitaatti 18.10.2022: </h4><h4 class="title" style="text-align: left;">"Plasminogen (PLG) <br /></h4>
</div>
</div>
<p>Plasmin is released as a zymogen called <b>plasminogen</b> (PLG) from the liver into the <a href="http://diapharma.com/factor-ix/">factor IX</a>
systemic circulation. Two major glycoforms of plasminogen are present
in humans – type I plasminogen contains two glycosylation moieties
(N-linked to N289 and O-linked to T346), whereas type II plasminogen
contains only a single O-linked sugar (O-linked to T346). Type II
plasminogen is preferentially recruited to the cell surface over the
type I glycoform. Conversely, type I plasminogen appears more readily
recruited to blood clots."</p>(Tässä lähteessä kaavat Plasminogeeni, sen aktivaattorit t-PA kudosaktivaattori ja munuaisperäinen u-PA) . <br /><p> </p><p> </p><p></p>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-49041144572963966382022-10-18T02:18:00.020+02:002022-10-18T11:50:33.191+02:00Pseudogeeni 19q13.42 Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase ja sen funktion tekeviä geenejä<p> Tämän kaltaista funktiota on usealla fosfohydrolaasilla, mutta tälle geenille ei löytynyt paikan lisäksi muuta erityistietoa. (Tällä ryhmällä </p><table class="table table-striped table-condensed" id="searchResults"><tbody><tr><td class="index-col"><br /></td>
<td class="gc-expand-collapse expand-collapse-col"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/#" title="View hit contexts (open minicard)"></a><br /></td>
<td class="gc-gene-symbol gc-highlight symbol-col">
<a data-ga-label="NUDT3" data-track-event="Result Clicked" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=NUDT3&keywords=Diphosphoinositol,polyphosphate,phosphohydrolase" target="_blank">NUDT3</a>
</td>
<td class="gc-highlight description-col">Nudix Hydrolase 3</td>
<td class="category-col">Protein Coding</td>
<td class="gifts-col">38</td>
<td class="gc-highlight gcid-col">GC06M069334</td>
<td class="score-col">38.75</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index-col">2</td>
<td class="gc-expand-collapse expand-collapse-col"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/#" title="View hit contexts (open minicard)"></a><br /></td>
<td class="gc-gene-symbol gc-highlight symbol-col">
<a data-ga-label="NUDT4" data-track-event="Result Clicked" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=NUDT4&keywords=Diphosphoinositol,polyphosphate,phosphohydrolase" target="_blank">NUDT4</a>
</td>
<td class="gc-highlight description-col">Nudix Hydrolase 4</td>
<td class="category-col">Protein Coding</td>
<td class="gifts-col">40</td>
<td class="gc-highlight gcid-col">GC12P093412</td>
<td class="score-col">37.54</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index-col">3</td>
<td class="gc-expand-collapse expand-collapse-col"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/#" title="View hit contexts (open minicard)"></a><br /></td>
<td class="gc-gene-symbol gc-highlight symbol-col">
<a data-ga-label="NUDT11" data-track-event="Result Clicked" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=NUDT11&keywords=Diphosphoinositol,polyphosphate,phosphohydrolase" target="_blank">NUDT11</a>
</td>
<td class="gc-highlight description-col">Nudix Hydrolase 11</td>
<td class="category-col">Protein Coding</td>
<td class="gifts-col">37</td>
<td class="gc-highlight gcid-col">GC0XM051490</td>
<td class="score-col">36.56</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="index-col">4</td>
<td class="gc-expand-collapse expand-collapse-col"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/#" title="View hit contexts (open minicard)"></a><br /></td>
<td class="gc-gene-symbol gc-highlight symbol-col">
<a data-ga-label="NUDT10" data-track-event="Result Clicked" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=NUDT10&keywords=Diphosphoinositol,polyphosphate,phosphohydrolase" target="_blank">NUDT10</a>
</td>
<td class="gc-highlight description-col">Nudix Hydrolase 10</td>
<td class="category-col">Protein Coding</td>
<td class="gifts-col">35</td>
<td class="gc-highlight gcid-col">GC0XP051332</td>
<td class="score-col">33.10</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<td class="index-col">5</td>
<td class="gc-expand-collapse expand-collapse-col"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/#" title="View hit contexts (open minicard)"></a><br /></td>
<td class="gc-gene-symbol gc-highlight symbol-col">
<a data-ga-label="ENSG00000267689" data-track-event="Result Clicked" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ENSG00000267689&keywords=Diphosphoinositol,polyphosphate,phosphohydrolase" target="_blank">ENSG00000267689</a>
</td>
<td class="gc-highlight description-col">Diphosphoinositol Polyphosphate Phosphohydrolase 2, Pseudogene</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for ENSG00000267689 Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
ENSG00000267689 (<span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Diphosphoinositol</span> <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Polyphosphate</span> <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Phosphohydrolase</span> 2, Pseudogene) is a Pseudogene.
</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Additional gene information for ENSG00000267689 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><ul class="list-inline"><li><a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000267689" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000267689" target="_blank">Ensembl (ENSG00000267689)</a></li></ul><li><br /><br /></li></ul>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-33841111734468321022022-10-18T02:02:00.001+02:002022-10-18T02:04:54.423+02:00IMPA, Inositolimonofosfataasi 1 (8q21.13) <p><a href="https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/P29218"> https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/entry/P29218</a></p><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="row column entrySectionContent" style="max-height: 1000px; overflow: hidden;"><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="row entryInfoRow"><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-5 medium-2 entryInfoCol1">Protein</div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-7 medium-10 entryInfoCol2"><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12="">Inositol monophosphatase 1</span></span></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="row entryInfoRow"><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-5 medium-2 entryInfoCol1">Gene</div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-7 medium-10 entryInfoCol2"><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12="">IMPA1</span></span></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="row entryInfoRow"><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-5 medium-2 entryInfoCol1">Source organism</div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-7 medium-10 entryInfoCol2"><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12="">Homo sapiens (Human)</span></span></span><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><a _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="vf-link ext" href="https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/search/organismScientificName/Homo%20sapiens" target="_blank">go to search</a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="row entryInfoRow"><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-5 medium-2 entryInfoCol1">UniProt</div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-7 medium-10 entryInfoCol2"><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12="">P29218</span></span></span><a _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="vf-link ext" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218" target="_blank">go to UniProt</a></div></div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="row entryInfoRow"><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-5 medium-2 entryInfoCol1">Experimental structures</div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-7 medium-10 entryInfoCol2"><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12="">13 structures in PDB for P29218</span></span></span><a _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="vf-link ext" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P29218" target="_blank">go to PDBe-KB</a></div></div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="row entryInfoRow"><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-5 medium-2 entryInfoCol1">Biological function</div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-7 medium-10 entryInfoCol2"><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12=""><span _ngcontent-oct-c12="">Responsible
for the provision of inositol required for synthesis of
phosphatidylinositol and polyphosphoinositides and has been implicated
as the pharmacological target for lithium action in brain. Has broad
substrate specificity and can use myo-inositol monophosphates,
myo-inositol 1,3-diphosphate, myo-inositol 1,4-diphosphate,
scyllo-inositol-phosphate, D-galactose 1-phosphate, glucose-1-phosphate,
glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-1-phosphate, beta-glycerophosphate, and
2'-AMP as substrates.</span></span></span><a _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="vf-link ext" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218" target="_blank">go to UniProt</a></div><div _ngcontent-oct-c12="" class="columns small-7 medium-10 entryInfoCol2"><div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li> <span><strong>GeneCards Symbol:</strong></span>
<span class="aliasMainName"><i>IMPA1</i></span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6050" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6050" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<a class="gc-help-icon glyphicon glyphicon-question-sign" data-ga-action="Help Icon Click" href="https://www.genecards.org/Guide/GeneCard#aliases_descriptions" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="See more information in the GeneCards Guide"></a></li><li>
<span class="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Inositol</span> Monophosphatase 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6050" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6050" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000133731" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000133731" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">IMPA</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000133731" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000133731" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Lithium-Sensitive Myo-<span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Inositol</span> Monophosphatase A1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Inositol</span>(Myo)-1(Or 4)-Monophosphatase 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6050" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6050" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">D-Galactose 1-Phosphate Phosphatase</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Inositol</span>-1(Or 4)-Monophosphatase 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Myo-<span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Inositol</span> Monophosphatase 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6050" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6050" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="description">EC 3.1.3.25</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<span title="Data Mining of Enzymes">48</span>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">IMPase 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">IMP 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Testicular Tissue Protein Li 94</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">EC 3.1.3.94</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29218" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29218#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">MRT59</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">IMP</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="3612" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3612" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<h3>External Ids for IMPA1 Gene</h3> </div></div></div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-50395866731066565792022-10-18T01:23:00.002+02:002022-10-18T02:24:52.543+02:00Annexiini A3, ANXA3 , pilkkoo syklisestä inositoli-1,2-fosfaatista esiin ins(1)fosfaattia <p> </p><h3 class="western">
( 4q21.21) ANXA3 , Annexin A3</h3>
<h3 class="western">(inositoli-1,2- cykl.fosfaatti-2 fosfohydrolaasi)
</h3>
<p><a href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P12429">https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P12429</a></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">ANXA3
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Organism: </b>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Homo sapiens (Human)</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Synonyms: </b>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">ANX3</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Uniprot: </b>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">P12429<a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12429" target="_blank">go
to UniProt</a></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Biological
function: </b>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Inhibitor of
phospholipase A2, also possesses anti-coagulant properties. Also
cleaves the cyclic bond of inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate to form
inositol 1-phosphate <a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12429" target="_blank">go
to UniProt</a></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Aliases for ANXA3
Gene</b></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.plgene=ANXA3&keywords=ANXA3">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.plgene=ANXA3&keywords=ANXA3</a></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</p>
<ul><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>GeneCards
Symbol:</b> ANXA3
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Annexin A3 </b>
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">ANX3
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Inositol
1,2-Cyclic Phosphate 2-Phosphohydrolase
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Placental
Anticoagulant Protein III
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">35-Alpha
Calcimedin
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Lipocortin III
</p>
</li></ul>
<ul><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Annexin-3
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">PAP-III
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Annexin III
(Lipocortin III, 1,2-Cyclic-Inositol-Phosphate Phosphodiesterase,
Placental Anticoagulant Protein III, Calcimedin 35-Alpha)
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Annexin III
(Lipocortin III)
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Calcimedin
35-Alpha
</p>
</li><li><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Annexin III
</p>
</li></ul>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">External Ids for
ANXA3 Gene</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Entrez Gene Summary
for ANXA3 GeneThis gene encodes a member of the annexin family.
Members of this calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein family
play a role in the regulation of cellular growth and in signal
transduction pathways. This protein functions in the inhibition of
phopholipase A2 and <b>cleavage of inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate</b>
to form inositol 1-phosphate. This protein may also play a role in<b>
anti-coagulation</b>. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">GeneCards Summary
for ANXA3 Gene
</p>
<p>ANXA3 (Annexin A3) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated
with ANXA3 include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/ovarian_cancer" target="_blank">Ovarian
Cancer</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/prostate_cancer" target="_blank">Prostate
Cancer</a>. Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/prostaglandin_synthesis_and_regulation" target="_blank">Prostaglandin
synthesis and regulation</a>. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related
to this gene include <i>calcium ion binding</i> and
<i>calcium-dependent phospholipid binding</i>. An important paralog
of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ANXA4" target="_blank">ANXA4</a>.</p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
Summary for ANXA3 Gene</p>
<p>Inhibitor of phospholipase A2, also possesses anti-coagulant
properties. Also cleaves the cyclic bond of inositol 1,2-cyclic
phosphate to form inositol 1-phosphate. ( <a href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12429#function" target="_blank">ANXA3_HUMAN,P12429</a>
)
</p>
<p><br />
<br />
</p>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-26896316311943469102022-08-05T18:01:00.008+02:002022-08-05T19:21:31.553+02:00Inositolipolyfosfaattien metaboliasta Avustusta HCV ja SARS-2 koronaviruksen viruksen replikaatio-organellin luomiseen. <p> </p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27701417/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27701417/</a></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23107997/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23107997/</a></p>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24152294/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24152294</a></p><div class="heading-title" style="text-align: left;">The enzymes of human diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolism
</div>
<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10777568/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10777568/</a></p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<div class="heading-title" style="text-align: left;">
Discovery of molecular and catalytic diversity among human
diphosphoinositol-polyphosphate phosphohydrolases. An expanding Nudt
family
</div><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1922284117">https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1922284117 </a></p><div style="text-align: left;">InsP<sub>7</sub> is a small-molecule regulator of NUDT3-mediated mRNA decapping and processing-body dynamics</div><div style="text-align: left;"> <span class="article-header__journal">Article</span><span class="article-header__sep">|</span><a class="article-header__vol faded" href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/issue?pii=S2211-1247(20)X0048-9">
Volume 37, ISSUE 8</a><span>, </span><span>110049</span><span>, </span><span class="article-header__date faded">November 23, 2021: <br /></span><div class="article-header__top"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-6"><div class="article-header__dropZone pb-dropzone" data-pb-dropzone="articleTools-dropzone"><div class="article-tools" data-widget-id="183a17a2-87b5-4e6f-bb85-6b5cda068c89" data-widget-name="UX3ArticleToolsWidget"><div class="article-tools__wrapper" style="top: 0px;"><div class="article-tools__holder pull-right"><ul class="rlist rlist--inline article-tools__list"><li class="article-tools__item article-tools__pdf"><div aria-hidden="false" class="dropBlock article-tools__dropblock article-tools__pdf"><a aria-expanded="false" class="article-tools__ctrl article-tools__item__pdf" data-db-target-for="article-tools-pdf" href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(21)01535-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124721015357%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#" title="open PDF menu"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-gizmo-pdf-file"></i><span class="basic">PDF</span></a></div></li><li class="article-tools__item article-tools__figures"><div aria-hidden="true" class="dropBlock article-tools__dropblock article-tools__figures"><a aria-expanded="false" class="article-tools__ctrl article-tools__item__figures" data-db-target-for="article-tools-figures" href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(21)01535-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124721015357%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#" title="open Figures menu"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-gizmo-image_figure"></i><span>Figures</span></a></div></li><li class="article-tools__item article-tools__save"> <b>Contribution of autophagy machinery factors to HCV and SARS-CoV-2 replication organelle formation</b></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="article-header__sub-title"></span><ul class="rlist loa inline-bullet-list ellipsis-dot" data-number-of-author="6"><li class="loa__item author"><div class="dropBlock article-header__info"><a aria-controls="au1" aria-expanded="false" class="loa__item__name article-header__info__ctrl loa__item__email" data-db-target-for="au1-authorcard" href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(21)01535-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124721015357%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#" title="Correspondence information about the author Woan-Ing Twu">Woan-Ing Twu</a></div></li></ul><span class="bulleted"><span><span class="article-header__access">Open Access</span></span></span><span class="article-header__publish-date bulleted"><span class="article-header__publish-date__label">Published:</span><span class="article-header__publish-date__value">November 09, 2021</span></span><span class="article-header__doi bulleted"><span class="article-header__doi__label">DOI:</span><a class="article-header__doi__value" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110049">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110049</a></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted">(Kommentti: Artikkeli mainitsee proteiinifosfataasin, jolla on FYVEdomeeni, <b>ZFYVE1 </b>alias tekijän DFCP1 , joka osallistuu viruksen replikaatio-organellin (Double Membrane vesicles) tekoon. Tässä on apuna <b>Class III PI3K kompleksi j</b>a sen tuote <b>PI3P-lipidi</b>.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted">Toisesta lähteestä (2020 ) on tieto, että Sars-Cov-2 nsp 13 rekrytoi myös ZFYVE7. Se on toiselta nimeltä FYCO1. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted">Artikkeli ennen Sars-2 aikaa vuodelta 2010 FYCo1 funktiosta : <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812517/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812517/</a> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted"> </span>Autophagy is the main eukaryotic degradation pathway for long-lived
proteins, protein aggregates, and cytosolic organelles. Although the
protein machinery involved in the biogenesis of autophagic vesicles is
well described, very little is known about the mechanism of cytosolic
transport of autophagosomes. In this study, we have identified an
adaptor protein complex, formed by the two autophagic
membrane-associated proteins <b>LC3 </b>and Rab7 and the<b> novel FYVE and
coiled-coil (CC) domain–containing</b> <b>protein FYCO1, that promotes
microtubule (MT) plus end–directed transport of autophagic vesicles</b>. We
have characterized the LC3-, Rab7-, and
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate–binding domains in FYCO1 and mapped
part of the CC region<b> essential for MT plus end–directed transport.</b> We
also propose a mechanism for selective autophagosomal membrane
recruitment of FYCO1. </div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="article-header__doi bulleted">(Huom: Virukset HCV ja Sars-cov2 eivät kuitenkaan johda autofagiakompleksin tekoon, vaan fagoforivaiheesta sulkeutuvaan kaksoisrakkulaan (DMV), joka on replikaatio-organelli näille viruksille).<br /></span></div><p style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-1139188376148607392021-12-14T14:06:00.004+01:002021-12-14T14:09:41.702+01:00Takykiniineistä yleensä , <p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/tachykinin"> https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/tachykinin</a></p><p> </p><section class="col-sm-24 col-md-24 col-lg-16 col-xl-16 u-padding-s-ver topic-definition"><h1 class="u-font-serif u-text-light alt-xl">Tachykinin</h1><p>Tachykinins
(meaning fast acting) are characterized by an <b>amidated C-terminus </b>
containing the amino acids F-X-G-L-M-NH2, where X is a hydrophobic amino
acid residue.</p><p>From: <a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry (Second Edition)" data-aa-region="aa-tp-definition-book-title" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123786302003649"><span class="anchor-text">Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry (Second Edition), 2013</span></a></p></section><h2 class="u-h3">Related terms:</h2><ul class="list-tags size-l" data-aa-region="aa-tp-related-terms"><li class="list-tags-item"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Neurotransmitter" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/neurotransmitter"><span class="anchor-text">Neurotransmitter</span></a></li><li class="list-tags-item"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Peptide" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/peptide"><span class="anchor-text">Peptide</span></a></li><li class="list-tags-item"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Substance P" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/substance-p"><span class="anchor-text">Substance P</span></a></li><li class="list-tags-item"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Serotonin" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/serotonin"><span class="anchor-text">Serotonin</span></a></li><li class="list-tags-item"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/calcitonin-gene-related-peptide"><span class="anchor-text">Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide</span></a></li><li class="list-tags-item"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Neurokinin A" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/neurokinin-a"><span class="anchor-text">Neurokinin A</span></a></li><li class="list-tags-item"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Neurokinin B" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/neurokinin-b"><span class="anchor-text">Neurokinin B</span></a></li><li class="list-tags-item"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Tachykinin Receptor" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/tachykinin-receptor"><span class="anchor-text">Tachykinin Receptor</span></a></li></ul><a class="anchor anchor-has-colored-icon" data-aa-name="" data-aa-region="aa-tp-view-topic-index" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/index"><span class="anchor-text">View all Topics</span></a><p> </p><div class="snippet-content "><h2 class="u-font-serif u-text-light" id="tp-snippet-chp-title-B0123708796002131"><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES | Tachykinins" data-aa-region="aa-tp-snippet-chp-title" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123708796002131"><span class="anchor-text">KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES | Tachykinins</span></a></h2><div class="size-l "><cite><p><span>G.F. Joos, K. De Swert, in </span><a class="anchor" data-aa-name="Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine" data-aa-region="aa-tp-snippet-bk-title" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/9780123708793/encyclopedia-of-respiratory-medicine"><span class="anchor-text">Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine</span></a>, 2006</p></cite><section id="B0123708796002131-s0065"><h3>Immunomodulation</h3><p id="B0123708796002131-p0085"><span><a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/tachykinin" title="Learn more about Tachykinin from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">Tachykinins</a>
are known to have a wide variety of modulatory effects on inflammatory
and immune cells. Substance P degranulates mast cells, leading to the
release of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), and the
production of <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/tumor-necrosis-factor" title="Learn more about Tumor Necrosis Factor from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">tumor necrosis factor alpha</a> (TNF-</span><em>α</em><span><span>). <span class="topic-highlight">Tachykinins</span> cause adherence and chemotaxis of human </span><a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/neutrophil" title="Learn more about Neutrophil from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">neutrophils</a>. Substance P induces chemotaxis of human <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/eosinophil" title="Learn more about Eosinophil from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">eosinophils</a>. Several </span><em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em><span> studies have shown that <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/substance-p" title="Learn more about Substance P from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">substance P</a>
is able to modulate the chemotaxis, proliferation, and activation of
lymphocytes. Tachykinins also have a number of stimulatory effects on <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/monocyte" title="Learn more about Monocyte from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">monocytes</a> and macrophages: substance P has been shown to evoke superoxide anion production, enhance <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/phagocytosis" title="Learn more about Phagocytosis from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">phagocytosis</a>, and cause production of <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/interleukin-1" title="Learn more about Interleukin 1 from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">interleukin-1</a> and <a class="topic-link" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/interleukin-12" title="Learn more about Interleukin 12 from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages">interleukin-12</a> by macrophages. Tachykinins are also able to activate mesenchymal cells in the airways.</span></p></section></div></div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-56553337281217376542021-12-14T13:35:00.006+01:002021-12-14T13:43:07.102+01:00TAC4(17q21.33) Takykiniini-4, Hemokiniini, josta ei vielä tiedetä tarkalleen vaikutuksia. Toimii TACR1-ligandina.<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<div style="text-align: left;"> Tällä takykiniini-4, hemokiniinillä, on muista takykiniineistä poikkeava vaikutus ja sen merkitystä ei vielä täysin tiedetä. Se toimii ensisijaisesti reseptorin TACR1 ligandina. <br /></div><h3>Entrez Gene Summary for TAC4 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>This gene is a member of the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span> family of neurotransmitter-encoding genes. <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span>
proteins are cleaved into small, secreted peptides that activate
members of a family of receptor proteins. The products of this gene
preferentially activate <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
receptor 1, and are thought to regulate peripheral endocrine and
paracrine functions including blood pressure, the immune system, and
endocrine gland secretion. <b>The products of this gene lack a dibasic
cleavage site found in other <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
proteins. Consequently, the nature of the cleavage products generated
in vivo remains to be determined</b>. Multiple transcript variants encoding
different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq,
Jul 2008]</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for TAC4 Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
TAC4 (Tachykinin Precursor 4) is a Protein Coding gene.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/peptide_ligand-binding_receptors" target="_blank" title="See Peptide ligand-binding receptors at Pathcards">Peptide ligand-binding receptors</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <i>signaling receptor binding</i>.</p><p> Tachykinins are active peptides which excite neurons, evoke behavioral
responses, are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract
(directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles. Endokinin-A induces
thermal hyperalgesia and pain-related behavior</p>
</div><div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>Aliases for TAC4 Gene</h3>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li> <span><strong>GeneCards Symbol:</strong></span>
<span class="aliasMainName"><i>TAC4</i></span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="16641" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16641" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span class="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> Precursor 4</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="16641" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16641" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000176358" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000176358" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PPT-C</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="16641" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16641" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q86UU9" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q86UU9#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000176358" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000176358" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">HK-1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="16641" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16641" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000176358" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000176358" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Preprotachykinin-C</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q86UU9" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q86UU9#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span>-4</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="Q86UU9" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q86UU9#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Pptc</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="16641" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16641" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000176358" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000176358" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="description"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> 4 (Hemokinin)</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> 4</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="16641" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16641" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Hemokinin</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="16641" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16641" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Endokinin</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">HK1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">EK</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="255061" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255061" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<h3><br /></h3>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-12843032986093271322021-12-14T13:00:00.002+01:002021-12-14T13:19:29.648+01:00TAC1 geeni (7q21.3), Pro-takykiniinigeeni1 koodaa neljää tuotetta. Tunnetaan jo yli 40 takykiniiniä .<p> </p><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Entrez Gene Summary for TAC1 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>This gene encodes four products of the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
peptide hormone family, substance P and neurokinin A, as well as the
related peptides, neuropeptide K and neuropeptide gamma. These hormones
are thought to function as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve
receptors and smooth muscle cells. They are known to induce behavioral
responses and function as vasodilators and secretagogues. Substance P is
an antimicrobial peptide with antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found
for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for TAC1 Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
TAC1 (Tachykinin Precursor 1) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with TAC1 include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/complex_regional_pain_syndrome" target="_blank" title="See Complex Regional Pain Syndrome at Malacards">Complex Regional Pain Syndrome</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/vasomotor_rhinitis" target="_blank" title="See Vasomotor Rhinitis at Malacards">Vasomotor Rhinitis</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/ret_signaling" target="_blank" title="See RET signaling at Pathcards">RET signaling</a> and <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/signaling_by_gpcr" target="_blank" title="See Signaling by GPCR at Pathcards">Signaling by GPCR</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <em>substance P receptor binding</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TAC1 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap"><li>
<div>Tachykinins are active peptides which excite
neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators and
secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth
muscles.
<ul class="gc-ptm-sources list-inline"><li><a class="gc-ga-link " data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="P20366" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P20366#function" target="_blank">TKN1_HUMAN,P20366</a></li></ul>
</div>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-9">
<div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>Aliases for TAC1 Gene</h3>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li> <span><b>GeneCards Symbol:</b></span>
<span class="aliasMainName"><i>TAC1</i></span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span class="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> Precursor 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000006128" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000006128" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NKNA</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P20366" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P20366#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000006128" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000006128" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">TAC2</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P20366" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P20366#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000006128" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000006128" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NPK</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000006128" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000006128" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Tachykinin, Precursor 1
(Substance K, <b>Substance P</b>, Neurokinin 1, Neurokinin 2, Neuromedin L,
Neurokinin Alpha, Neuropeptide K, Neuropeptide Gamma)</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neuropeptide Gamma</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Preprotachykinin</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Protachykinin-1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P20366" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P20366#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<b><span itemprop="description">Neuropeptide K</span></b>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Protachykinin</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin 2</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neuromedin L</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<b><span itemprop="description">Substance K</span></b>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Substance P</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PPT</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P20366" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P20366#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin A</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> 2</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">Hs.2563</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NK2</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NKA</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P20366" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P20366#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>External Ids for TAC1 Gene</h3>
<div class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap">
<ul class="list-inline"><li>HGNC: <a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-source-accession="11517" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11517" target="_blank">11517</a></li><li>NCBI Entrez Gene: <a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-source-accession="6863" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6863" target="_blank">6863</a></li><li>Ensembl: <a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000006128" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000006128" target="_blank">ENSG00000006128</a></li><li>OMIM®: <a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="OMI" data-ga-source-accession="162320" href="https://omim.org/entry/162320" target="_blank">162320</a></li><li>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: <a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="P20366" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P20366" target="_blank">P20366</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>Previous HGNC Symbols for TAC1 Gene</h3>
<div class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap">
<ul class="list-inline gc-list-comma-separated"><li>TAC2</li><li>NKNA</li></ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">(TAC3 geeni on eri geeninsä: <br /></div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<div class="pull-right hidden-print" id="squareBanner">
</div>
</div>
</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-80277583492110912021-12-14T12:47:00.005+01:002021-12-14T13:27:43.725+01:00TACR3 geeni (4q24), Neuromediini-K- reseptori<p> Tämä resettori TACR3 on Neurokiniini-3 reseptori tai TACR3 tai neuromediini-K reseptori ja <b>ligandina</b> tälle on prepro-takykiniini3 (geenistä TAC3) koodautuva proteiini takykiniini-3 .(TAC3, 12q13.3. <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TAC3&keywords=ZNEUROK1">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TAC3&keywords=ZNEUROK1</a></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Entrez Gene Summary for TACR3 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>This gene belongs to a family of genes that
function as receptors for tachykinins. Receptor affinities are
specified by variations in the 5'-end of the sequence. The receptors
belonging to this family are characterized by interactions with G
proteins and 7 hydrophobic transmembrane regions. This gene encodes the
receptor for the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span> neurokinin 3, also referred to as neurokinin B. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for TACR3 Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
TACR3 (Tachykinin Receptor 3) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with TACR3 include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/hypogonadotropic_hypogonadism_11_with_or_without_anosmia" target="_blank" title="See Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism 11 With Or Without Anosmia at Malacards">Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism 11 With Or Without Anosmia</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/kallmann_syndrome" target="_blank" title="See Kallmann Syndrome at Malacards">Kallmann Syndrome</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/ret_signaling" target="_blank" title="See RET signaling at Pathcards">RET signaling</a> and <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/signaling_by_gpcr" target="_blank" title="See Signaling by GPCR at Pathcards">Signaling by GPCR</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <i>G protein-coupled receptor activity</i> and <i><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span> receptor activity</i>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TACR1" target="_blank">TACR1</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TACR3 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap"><li>
<div>This is a receptor for the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
neuropeptide neuromedin-K (neurokinin B). It is associated with G
proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger
system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is:
neuromedin-K > substance K > substance P.
<ul class="gc-ptm-sources list-inline"><li><a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#function" target="_blank">NK3R_HUMAN,P29371</a></li></ul>
</div>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Tocris Summary for TACR3 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>The neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor is a member of the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
family of G-protein-coupled receptors which also includes NK1 and NK2
receptors. The NK3 receptor is predominantly expressed in the CNS
(including the hippocampus, hypothalamus and substantia nigra).</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Gene Wiki entry for TACR3 Gene</h3>
</div>
</div><div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>Aliases for TACR3 Gene</h3>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li> <span><b>GeneCards Symbol:</b></span>
<span class="aliasMainName"><i>TACR3</i></span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span class="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> Receptor 3</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000169836" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000169836" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">TAC3R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000169836" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000169836" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NK3R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000169836" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000169836" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NKR</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000169836" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000169836" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neuromedin-K Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin B Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin Beta Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">NK-3 Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">NK3 Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11528" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11528" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NK-3R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P29371" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P29371#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">TAC3RL</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">HH11</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NK3</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6870" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6870" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-91893761800197576632021-12-14T12:43:00.001+01:002021-12-14T12:45:10.507+01:00TACR2 (10q22.1) Substanssi K reseptori. Myös PI/Ca/G-proteiinisignalointiin assosioituva<p> </p><div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>Aliases for TACR2 Gene</h3>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li> <span><strong>GeneCards Symbol:</strong></span>
<span class="aliasMainName"><i>TACR2</i></span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11527" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11527" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span class="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> Receptor 2</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11527" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11527" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000075073" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000075073" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NK2R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11527" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11527" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000075073" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000075073" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">SKR</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11527" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11527" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000075073" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000075073" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin A Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11527" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11527" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Substance-K Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11527" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11527" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NKNAR</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000075073" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000075073" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">TAC2R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000075073" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000075073" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin B Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11527" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11527" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">NK-2 Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NK-2R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Seven Transmembrane Helix Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin 2 Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6865" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6865" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Entrez Gene Summary for TACR2 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>This gene belongs to a family of genes that
function as receptors for tachykinins. Receptor affinities are
specified by variations in the 5'-end of the sequence. The receptors
belonging to this family are characterized by interactions with G
proteins and 7 hydrophobic transmembrane regions. This gene encodes the
receptor for the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span> neuropeptide substance K, also referred to as neurokinin A. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for TACR2 Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
TACR2 (Tachykinin Receptor 2) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with TACR2 include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/baritosis" target="_blank" title="See Baritosis at Malacards">Baritosis</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/constipation" target="_blank" title="See Constipation at Malacards">Constipation</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/ret_signaling" target="_blank" title="See RET signaling at Pathcards">RET signaling</a> and <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/signaling_by_gpcr" target="_blank" title="See Signaling by GPCR at Pathcards">Signaling by GPCR</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <i>G protein-coupled receptor activity</i> and <i>substance K receptor activity</i>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TACR3" target="_blank">TACR3</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TACR2 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap"><li>
<div>This is a receptor for the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
neuropeptide substance K (neurokinin A). It is associated with G
proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger
system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is:
substance K > neuromedin-K > substance P.
<ul class="gc-ptm-sources list-inline"><li><a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="P21452" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P21452#function" target="_blank">NK2R_HUMAN,P21452</a></li></ul>
</div>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Tocris Summary for TACR2 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>The neurokinin 2 (NK2) receptor is a member of the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
family of G-protein-coupled receptors which also includes NK1 and NK3
receptors. The NK2 receptor is predominantly expressed in the periphery
(including inflammatory cells and bronchial smooth muscle).</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Gene Wiki entry for TACR2 Gene</h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Additional gene information for TACR2 Gene</h3>
</div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-72090903067012865382021-12-14T12:35:00.002+01:002021-12-14T12:46:05.984+01:00TACR1 geeni (2p12). Substanssi-P reseptori liittyy G-proteiinilla aktivoituvaan PI/Ca sekundääriseen välittäjäainejärjestelmään <p><a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TACR1&keywords=Tachykinin"> https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TACR1&keywords=Tachykinin</a></p><p> </p><div class="gc-subsection">
<h3>Aliases for TACR1 Gene</h3>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li> <span><strong>GeneCards Symbol:</strong></span>
<span class="aliasMainName"><i>TACR1</i></span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11526" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11526" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span class="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> Receptor 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11526" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11526" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P25103" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25103#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000115353" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000115353" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NK1R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11526" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11526" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P25103" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25103#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000115353" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000115353" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">SPR</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11526" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11526" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P25103" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25103#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000115353" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000115353" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Substance-P Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11526" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11526" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P25103" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25103#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">TAC1R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P25103" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25103#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000115353" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000115353" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NKIR</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11526" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11526" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENS" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="ENSG00000115353" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000115353" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Neurokinin Receptor 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="HGN" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="11526" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/11526" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">NK-1 Receptor</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P25103" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25103#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">NK-1R</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="P25103" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25103#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description"><span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">Tachykinin</span> Receptor 1 (Substance P Receptor; Neurokinin-1 Receptor)</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="ENT" data-ga-category="LinkOut" data-ga-source-accession="6869" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6869" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</li></ul>
</div>
</div><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Entrez Gene Summary for TACR1 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>This gene belongs to a gene family of <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span> receptors. These <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
receptors are characterized by interactions with G proteins and contain
seven hydrophobic transmembrane regions. This gene encodes the receptor
for the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
substance P, also referred to as neurokinin 1. The encoded protein is
also involved in the mediation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism of
substance P. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for TACR1 Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
TACR1 (Tachykinin Receptor 1) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with TACR1 include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/cystitis" target="_blank" title="See Cystitis at Malacards">Cystitis</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/causalgia" target="_blank" title="See Causalgia at Malacards">Causalgia</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/ret_signaling" target="_blank" title="See RET signaling at Pathcards">RET signaling</a> and <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/signaling_by_gpcr" target="_blank" title="See Signaling by GPCR at Pathcards">Signaling by GPCR</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <i>G protein-coupled receptor activity</i> and <i>substance P receptor activity</i>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TACR3" target="_blank">TACR3</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TACR1 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap"><li>
<div>This is a receptor for the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
neuropeptide substance P. It is probably associated with G proteins
that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.
The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is: substance
P > substance K > neuromedin-K.
<ul class="gc-ptm-sources list-inline"><li><a class="gc-ga-link" data-ga-action="SWI" data-ga-source-accession="P25103" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P25103#function" target="_blank">NK1R_HUMAN,P25103</a></li></ul>
</div>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Tocris Summary for TACR1 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>The neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor is a member of the <span class="hilite" data-markjs="true">tachykinin</span>
family of G-protein-coupled receptors which also includes NK2 and NK3
receptors. The NK1 receptor is localized in high concentrations in the
CNS (particularly the striatum and amygdala) and peripheral tissues.</p>
</li></ul>
</div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-2288483400962999272021-12-09T12:40:00.003+01:002021-12-09T12:40:46.214+01:00Long covid: Plasmalipidiepätasapainoa<p><a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-50621-6_7">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-50621-6_7 </a></p><p>Kerään tähän arikkeleita ,joita pitää harkiten lukea.</p><p>Aivojen plasmalipeideissä on pieni osa fosfatidyylilipidejä, lipositoleja, ja niillä on oma tärkeä modulinsa varsinkin harmaissa hermosoluissa. Niillä on erittäin funktionaalinen modulinsa (, josta tässä fytiiniblogissa olen käsitellyt eri molekyylejä vuosien varrella. Covidin jälkeen on havaittu fosfolipidikirjossa epätasapainoa ja korostuneeksi näyttää jäävän tästä lipositolimodulipuolesta lyso-muotoa, lysofosfolipidiä lysofosfatidyyli-inositolia. Asian taustalla piilee sars-2 viruksen raju soluaineenvaihdunnan manipulointi, joka jättää siten jälkeensä tälle inositolia sisältävälle järjestelmälle mahdollisuuden paisua. Tämä heijastuu kyllä psyykiseen toimitnaan lähinnä mielialaan monivivahteisesti, josmistä pitää saada ajan mitaan tarpeeksi käsitystä . Muuten ei pääse jyvälle siitä, millä tavalla voi johtaa metaboliaa korjaantumiskynnyksen paremmalle puolelle. Itsestään korjaantuvuus kudoksissa ihmisellä on hyvä, muta on jokin kynnys joka pitää ylittää, että päästään sellaisen normaliteetin puolelle. Kyse ei ole vain aivojen inositolimodulista, vaan myös kohdista josa tätä modulia käytetään. Yksi on sokeriaineenvaihdunta. Ilmeisesti vaaraa on keuhkofibroosista ja non-alkoholisesta maksanrasvoittumisestakin jos tämä ei oikene. Viruksen yksi tapa moduloida energia-aineita näyttää olleen ATP, CTP, TTP ja TTP peräisten energioiden purkaminen, fosfaattien irrottaminen ja samalla GTP-peräisen energian suosiminen. En tiedä jos tässä olen asiasta jyvällä. Tällöin on paljon tarjolla esim AMP ja CMP- muotoa, joita oinositoliaineenvaihdunta käyttää. aivojen puolella lysofosfatidylinositoli muodostaa protektiivisuutta erään artikkelin mukaanJos ATP ja CTP ovat purkaantuneita , fosfatidyyli-inositoli ei pysty nousemaan energiarikakisiin muotoihinsa. <br /></p>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-62676549060367617212021-12-09T11:57:00.003+01:002021-12-09T11:59:37.490+01:00Covidin jälkeen fosfolipidien profiiliin tulee epätasapainoa. Lysofosfatidyyli-inositolia ja fosfatidyyli-inositolia tavallista enemmän, muita vähemmän<p> Aiemmin ei ole huomiotani kiinnittänyt lysofosfatidyyli-inositoli, joten otan siitä tietoa esiin nyt.</p><p>
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<a class="docsum-title" data-article-id="32329085" data-full-article-url="from_term=lysophosphatidylinositol+receptor&from_pos=1" data-ga-action="1" data-ga-category="result_click" data-ga-label="32329085" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32329085/">
The L-alpha-<b>Lysophosphatidylinositol</b>/G Protein-Coupled <b>Receptor</b> 55 System Induces the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis.
</a>
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Fondevila MF, Fernandez U,
Gonzalez-Rellan MJ, Da Silva Lima N, Buque X, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A,
Alonso C, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Delgado TC, Varela-Rey M, Senra A,
Garcia-Outeiral V, Novoa E, Iglesias C, Porteiro B, Beiroa D, Folgueira
C, Tojo M, Torres JL, Hernández-Cosido L, Blanco Ó, Arab JP, Barrera F,
Guallar D, Fidalgo M, López M, Dieguez C, Marcos M, Martinez-Chantar ML,
Arrese M, Garcia-Monzon C, Mato JM, Aspichueta P, Nogueiras R.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Hepatology. 2021 Feb;73(2):606-624. doi: 10.1002/hep.31290. Epub 2020 Nov 13.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">32329085</span></span>
<span class="free-resources spaced-citation-item citation-part">Free PMC article.</span>
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: G protein-coupled <b>receptor</b> (GPR) 55 is a putative cannabinoid <b>receptor</b>, and l-alpha-<b>lysophosphatidylinositol</b> (LPI) is its only known endogenous ligand. ...
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Cannabinoid <b>Receptor</b>-Related Orphan G Protein-Coupled <b>Receptors</b>.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Irving A, Abdulrazzaq G, Chan SLF, Penman J, Harvey J, Alexander SPH.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Adv Pharmacol. 2017;80:223-247. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.04.004. Epub 2017 Jun 12.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">28826536</span></span>
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GPR18, GPR55, and GPR119 exhibit limited sequence homology with the established CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid <b>receptors</b>. However, the pharmacology of these orphan <b>receptors</b> displays overlap with CB(1) and CB(2) <b>receptors</b>, particularly for GPR18 and GPR55. ...Th …
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GPR55, a <b>lysophosphatidylinositol</b> <b>receptor</b> with cannabinoid sensitivity?
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<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Nevalainen T, Irving AJ.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Curr Top Med Chem. 2010;10(8):799-813. doi: 10.2174/156802610791164229.</span>
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However, to date, the most potent ligand identified for GPR55 is the endogenous phospholipid, <b>lysophosphatidylinositol</b>
(LPI). GPR55 is thought to link predominantly G-protein alpha(13),
where it promotes Rho-dependent signalling. ...This article reviews the
current status …
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<b>Lysophosphatidylinositol</b>, an Endogenous Ligand for G Protein-Coupled <b>Receptor</b> 55, Has Anti-inflammatory Effects in Cultured Microglia.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Minamihata T, Takano K, Moriyama M, Nakamura Y.</span>
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<b>Lysophosphatidylinositol</b> (LysoPI), an endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled <b>receptor</b>
(GPR) 55, has been known to show various functions in several tissues
and cells; however, its roles in the central nervous system (CNS) are
not well known. ...
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Druggable Lysophospholipid Signaling Pathways.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Yanagida K, Valentine WJ.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1274:137-176. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_7.</span>
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Several crystal structures of LPA <b>receptors</b> and
ATX have been solved, which will accelerate development of highly
selective and effective LPA signaling targeting compounds. We also
review additional bioactive lysophospholipid (LPL) signaling molecules
including lysophospha …
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Potential role and therapeutic interests of myo-inositol in metabolic diseases.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Croze ML, Soulage CO.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Biochimie. 2013 Oct;95(10):1811-27. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.05.011. Epub 2013 Jun 10.</span>
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<a class="docsum-title" data-article-id="21964594" data-full-article-url="from_term=lysophosphatidylinositol+receptor&from_pos=7" data-ga-action="7" data-ga-category="result_click" data-ga-label="21964594" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21964594/">
Minireview: recent developments in the physiology and pathology of the <b>lysophosphatidylinositol</b>-sensitive <b>receptor</b> GPR55.
</a>
<div class="docsum-citation full-citation">
<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Henstridge CM, Balenga NA, Kargl J, Andradas C, Brown AJ, Irving A, Sanchez C, Waldhoer M.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Mol Endocrinol. 2011 Nov;25(11):1835-48. doi: 10.1210/me.2011-1197. Epub 2011 Sep 29.</span>
<span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">21964594</span></span>
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<span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span>
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Emerging data suggest that off-target cannabinoid
effects may be mediated via novel seven-transmembrane spanning/G
protein-coupled <b>receptors</b>. Due to its cannabinoid sensitivity, the G protein-coupled <b>receptor</b> 55 (GPR55) was recently proposed as a candidate; however, …
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<a class="docsum-title" data-article-id="26588872" data-full-article-url="from_term=lysophosphatidylinositol+receptor&from_pos=8" data-ga-action="8" data-ga-category="result_click" data-ga-label="26588872" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26588872/">
Role of the <b>lysophosphatidylinositol</b>/GPR55 axis in cancer.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Falasca M, Ferro R.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Adv Biol Regul. 2016 Jan;60:88-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.10.003. Epub 2015 Oct 28.</span>
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<span><b>Lysophosphatidylinositol</b> (LPI) is a
well-known bioactive lipid that is able to activate signalling cascades
relevant to cell proliferation, migration, survival and tumourigenesis.
It is well-established that the G protein-coupled <b>receptor</b> 55 (GPR55) is the specific</span> …
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<b>Lysophosphatidylinositol</b> Signalling and Metabolic Diseases.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Arifin SA, Falasca M.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Metabolites. 2016 Jan 15;6(1):6. doi: 10.3390/metabo6010006.</span>
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In this review, we will focus on the physiological and
pathophysiological roles of the lysophospholipid mediator <b>lysophosphatidylinositol</b> (LPI) and its <b>receptor</b> G-protein coupled <b>receptor</b> 55 (GPR55) in metabolic diseases. ...
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A putative <b>lysophosphatidylinositol</b> <b>receptor</b> GPR55 modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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<span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Hurst K, Badgley C,
Ellsworth T, Bell S, Friend L, Prince B, Welch J, Cowan Z, Williamson R,
Lyon C, Anderson B, Poole B, Christensen M, McNeil M, Call J, Edwards
JG.</span>
<span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Hippocampus. 2017 Sep;27(9):985-998. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22747. Epub 2017 Jun 27.</span>
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GPR55, an orphan G-protein coupled <b>receptor</b>, is activated by <b>lysophosphatidylinositol</b> (LPI) and the endocannabinoid anandamide, as well as by other compounds including THC. ..Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8744442805879951010.post-42687118713955108482021-11-18T23:44:00.010+01:002021-11-19T00:09:55.302+01:00Plektiini - homologi domeenin (PH) sisältävistä proteiineista, joissa on Sars-2 proteiinien interaktioproteiineja <p>18.11.2021 Otan Wikipediasitaatin PH-domaanin sisältävistä proteiineista, sillä huomaan eräästä virus-ihmisproteiini-ointeraktioluettelosta, että </p><p><b>Sars-2 viruksen nsp12</b> tekee interaktion erääseen PH-domaanin sisältävään proteiiniin 5A (geeni. PLEKHA5).</p><p><b>Sars-2 ORF8</b> proteiini tekee interaktion <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHF2" title="PLEKHF2">PLEKHF2</a> proteiiniin, joka on plekstriinihomologi-ja FYVE-domeenin sisältävä (ZFYVE18).<br /></b></p><p><b>Sars-2 nsp13 </b>tekee interaktion <b>CIT (citron rho-interacting S/T kinase) entsyymiin. </b></p><b>Otan näistä kolmesta esimerkistä GeneCard lähteestä sitaatteja esii Exem 1- 3. </b><br /><p><b><br /></b></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain</a></p><p><b>Wikipediasitaatti: </b></p><p><i><b>"Pleckstrin homology domain</b> (<b>PH domain</b>) or (<b>PHIP</b>) is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">protein domain</a> of approximately 120 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8500161_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid8500161-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8497315_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid8497315-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8236453_3-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid8236453-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7985225_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid7985225-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7531822_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid7531822-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7890802_6-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid7890802-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7583640_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid7583640-7">[7]</a></sup></i>
</p><p><i><b>This domain can bind <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol" title="Phosphatidylinositol">phosphatidylinositol</a> lipids</b> within biological membranes (such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_(3,4,5)-trisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate">phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_(4,5)-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate">phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7503742_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid7503742-8">[8]</a></sup> and proteins such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_beta-gamma_complex" title="G beta-gamma complex">βγ-subunits</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein" title="Heterotrimeric G protein">heterotrimeric G proteins</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8074669_9-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid8074669-9">[9]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_C" title="Protein kinase C">protein kinase C</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7522330_10-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid7522330-10">[10]</a></sup> Through these interactions, PH domains play a role <b>in recruiting proteins to different <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membranes</a>,</b> thus targeting them to appropriate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_compartment" title="Cell compartment">cellular compartments</a> or enabling them to interact with other components of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction_pathway" title="Signal transduction pathway">signal transduction pathways</a>.
</i></p><i>
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</i><h2><i><span class="mw-headline" id="Lipid_binding_specificity">Lipid binding specificity</span></i></h2><p><i>Individual PH domains possess specificities for phosphoinositides phosphorylated at different sites within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol" title="Inositol">inositol</a> ring, e.g., some bind <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_(4,5)-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate">phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate</a> but not <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_(3,4,5)-trisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate">phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_(3,4)-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate">phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate</a>,
while others may possess the requisite affinity. This is important
because it makes the recruitment of different PH domain containing
proteins sensitive to the activities of enzymes that either
phosphorylate or dephosphorylate these sites on the inositol ring, such
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase" title="Phosphoinositide 3-kinase">phosphoinositide 3-kinase</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTEN_(gene)" title="PTEN (gene)">PTEN</a>,
respectively. Thus, such enzymes exert a part of their effect on cell
function by modulating the localization of downstream signaling proteins
that possess PH domains that are capable of binding their phospholipid
products.
</i></p>
<h2><i><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</span></i></h2><p><i>The 3D structure of several PH domains has been determined.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid7634082_11-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid7634082-11">[11]</a></sup> All known cases have a common structure consisting of two perpendicular <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-parallel_beta_sheet" title="Anti-parallel beta sheet">anti-parallel beta sheets</a>, followed by a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminal" title="C-terminal">C-terminal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">amphipathic</a>
helix. The loops connecting the beta-strands differ greatly in length,
making the PH domain relatively difficult to detect while providing the
source of the domain's specificity. The only conserved residue among PH
domains is a single tryptophan (W) located within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha helix</a> that serves to nucleate the core of the domain.
</i></p><i>
</i><h2><i><span class="mw-headline" id="Proteins_containing_PH_domain">Proteins containing PH domain</span></i></h2><p><i>PH domains can be found in many different proteins, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSBP" title="OSBP">OSBP</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARF_(G-protein)" title="ARF (G-protein)">ARF</a>. Recruitment to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>
in this case is dependent on both PtdIns and ARF. A large number of PH
domains have poor affinity for phosphoinositides and are hypothesized to
function as protein binding domains. A Genome-wide look in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a>
showed that most of the 33 yeast PH domains are indeed promiscuous in
binding to phosphoinositides, while only one (Num1-PH) behaved highly
specific .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid15023338_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-pmid15023338-12">[12]</a></sup> Proteins reported to contain PH domains belong to the following families:
</i></p>
<ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin" title="Pleckstrin">Pleckstrin</a>,
the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major
substrate of protein kinase C (PKC) in <b>platelets</b>. Pleckstrin contains two PH
domains. ARAP proteins contain five PH domains.</i></li><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase" title="Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase">Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases</a> such as the Akt/Rac family, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_D1" title="Protein kinase D1">protein kinase D1</a>, and the trypanosomal NrkA family.</i></li><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Non-receptor tyrosine kinase">Non-receptor tyrosine kinases</a> belonging to the Btk/Itk/Tec subfamily.</i></li><li><i>Insulin receptor substrate 1 (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS-1" title="IRS-1">IRS-1</a>).</i></li><li><i>Regulators of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_G-protein" title="Small G-protein">small G-proteins</a>: <b>64 RhoGEF</b>s of the Dbl-like family.,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fort_2017_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-Fort_2017-13">[13]</a></sup> and several GTPase activating proteins like ABR, BCR or ARAP proteins.</i></li><li><i>Cytoskeletal proteins such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamin" title="Dynamin">dynamin</a> (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001401" rel="nofollow">IPR001401</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a> kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001752" rel="nofollow">IPR001752</a>), spectrin beta-chain, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntrophin" title="Syntrophin">syntrophin</a> (2 PH domains), and S. cerevisiae nuclear migration protein NUM1.</i></li><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxysterol-binding_protein" title="Oxysterol-binding protein">Oxysterol-binding proteins</a> OSBP, S. cerevisiae OSH1 and YHR073w.</i></li><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide_kinase" title="Ceramide kinase">Ceramide kinase</a>, a lipid kinase that phosphorylates <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramide" title="Ceramide">ceramides</a> to ceramide-1-phosphate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></i></li><li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor_kinase" title="G protein-coupled receptor kinase">G protein receptor kinases</a> (GRK) of GRK2 subfamily (beta-adrenergic receptor kinases): <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor_kinase_2" title="G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2">GRK2</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor_kinase_3" title="G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3">GRK3</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleckstrin_homology_domain#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></i></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Subfamilies">Subfamilies</span></h2><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrin" title="Spectrin">Spectrin</a>/pleckstrin-like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>: <i><a class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001605" rel="nofollow">IPR001605</a></i></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span></h2><p>Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:
</p>
<ul><li><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABR_(protein)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ABR (protein) (page does not exist)">ABR</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADRBK1" title="ADRBK1">ADRBK1</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADRBK2" title="ADRBK2">ADRBK2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actin_filament-associated_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Actin filament-associated protein (page does not exist)">AFAP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFAP1" title="AFAP1">AFAP1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFAP1L1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="AFAP1L1 (page does not exist)">AFAP1L1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFAP1L2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="AFAP1L2 (page does not exist)">AFAP1L2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKAP13" title="AKAP13">AKAP13</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKT1" title="AKT1">AKT1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKT2" title="AKT2">AKT2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKT3" title="AKT3">AKT3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANLN" title="ANLN">ANLN</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APBB1IP" title="APBB1IP">APBB1IP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APPL1" title="APPL1">APPL1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APPL2" title="APPL2">APPL2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGAP10&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGAP10 (page does not exist)">ARHGAP10</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGAP12&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGAP12 (page does not exist)">ARHGAP12</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGAP15&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGAP15 (page does not exist)">ARHGAP15</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGAP21&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGAP21 (page does not exist)">ARHGAP21</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGAP22&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGAP22 (page does not exist)">ARHGAP22</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGAP23&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGAP23 (page does not exist)">ARHGAP23</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGAP24" title="ARHGAP24">ARHGAP24</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGAP25" title="ARHGAP25">ARHGAP25</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGAP26" title="ARHGAP26">ARHGAP26</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGAP27" title="ARHGAP27">ARHGAP27</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGAP9" title="ARHGAP9">ARHGAP9</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGEF16&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGEF16 (page does not exist)">ARHGEF16</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGEF18&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGEF18 (page does not exist)">ARHGEF18</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARHGEF19&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ARHGEF19 (page does not exist)">ARHGEF19</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGEF2" title="ARHGEF2">ARHGEF2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGEF3" title="ARHGEF3">ARHGEF3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGEF4" title="ARHGEF4">ARHGEF4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGEF5" title="ARHGEF5">ARHGEF5</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGEF6" title="ARHGEF6">ARHGEF6</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGEF7" title="ARHGEF7">ARHGEF7</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARHGEF9" title="ARHGEF9">ARHGEF9</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ASEF2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ASEF2 (page does not exist)">ASEF2</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruton%27s_tyrosine_kinase" title="Bruton's tyrosine kinase">BTK</a>,</li><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C20orf42" title="C20orf42">C20orf42</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C9orf100&action=edit&redlink=1" title="C9orf100 (page does not exist)">C9orf100</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADPS" title="CADPS">CADPS</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADPS2" title="CADPS2">CADPS2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC42BPA" title="CDC42BPA">CDC42BPA</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDC42BPB&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CDC42BPB (page does not exist)">CDC42BPB</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDC42BPG&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CDC42BPG (page does not exist)">CDC42BPG</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTA1" title="CENTA1">CENTA1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTA2" title="CENTA2">CENTA2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTB1" title="CENTB1">CENTB1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTB2" title="CENTB2">CENTB2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CENTB5&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CENTB5 (page does not exist)">CENTB5</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTD1" title="CENTD1">CENTD1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTD2" title="CENTD2">CENTD2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTD3" title="CENTD3">CENTD3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTG1" title="CENTG1">CENTG1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTG2" title="CENTG2">CENTG2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CENTG3" title="CENTG3">CENTG3</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERK" title="CERK">CERK</a>, <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIT_(gene)" title="CIT (gene)">CIT</a>,</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNKSR1" title="CNKSR1">CNKSR1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNKSR2" title="CNKSR2">CNKSR2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COL4A3BP" title="COL4A3BP">COL4A3BP</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTGLF1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CTGLF1 (page does not exist)">CTGLF1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTGLF2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CTGLF2 (page does not exist)">CTGLF2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTGLF3&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CTGLF3 (page does not exist)">CTGLF3</a>, * <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTGLF4&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CTGLF4 (page does not exist)">CTGLF4</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTGLF5&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CTGLF5 (page does not exist)">CTGLF5</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CTGLF6&action=edit&redlink=1" title="CTGLF6 (page does not exist)">CTGLF6</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAB2IP" title="DAB2IP">DAB2IP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAPP1" title="DAPP1">DAPP1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDEF1" title="DDEF1">DDEF1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDEF2" title="DDEF2">DDEF2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DDEFL1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="DDEFL1 (page does not exist)">DDEFL1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEF6" title="DEF6">DEF6</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DEPDC2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="DEPDC2 (page does not exist)">DEPDC2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DGKD" title="DGKD">DGKD</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DGKH&action=edit&redlink=1" title="DGKH (page does not exist)">DGKH</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DGKK&action=edit&redlink=1" title="DGKK (page does not exist)">DGKK</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM1" title="DNM1">DNM1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM2" title="DNM2">DNM2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNM3" title="DNM3">DNM3</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCK10" title="DOCK10">DOCK10</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DOCK11&action=edit&redlink=1" title="DOCK11 (page does not exist)">DOCK11</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCK9" title="DOCK9">DOCK9</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOK1" title="DOK1">DOK1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOK2" title="DOK2">DOK2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOK3" title="DOK3">DOK3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOK4" title="DOK4">DOK4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOK5" title="DOK5">DOK5</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DOK6&action=edit&redlink=1" title="DOK6 (page does not exist)">DOK6</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DTGCU2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="DTGCU2 (page does not exist)">DTGCU2</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXOC8" title="EXOC8">EXOC8</a>,</li><li><b><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FAM109A&action=edit&redlink=1" title="FAM109A (page does not exist)">FAM109A</a></b>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FAM109B&action=edit&redlink=1" title="FAM109B (page does not exist)">FAM109B</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARP1" title="FARP1">FARP1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARP2" title="FARP2">FARP2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGD1" title="FGD1">FGD1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGD2" title="FGD2">FGD2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGD3" title="FGD3">FGD3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGD4" title="FGD4">FGD4</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FGD5&action=edit&redlink=1" title="FGD5 (page does not exist)">FGD5</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FGD6&action=edit&redlink=1" title="FGD6 (page does not exist)">FGD6</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAB1" title="GAB1">GAB1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAB2" title="GAB2">GAB2</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAB3" title="GAB3">GAB3</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GAB4&action=edit&redlink=1" title="GAB4 (page does not exist)">GAB4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB10" title="GRB10">GRB10</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB14" title="GRB14">GRB14</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB7" title="GRB7">GRB7</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS1" title="IRS1">IRS1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS2" title="IRS2">IRS2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRS4" title="IRS4">IRS4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITK_(gene)" title="ITK (gene)">ITK</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITSN1" title="ITSN1">ITSN1</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITSN2" title="ITSN2">ITSN2</a>,</li><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KALRN" title="KALRN">KALRN</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIF1A" title="KIF1A">KIF1A</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIF1B" title="KIF1B">KIF1B</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KIF1Bbeta&action=edit&redlink=1" title="KIF1Bbeta (page does not exist)">KIF1Bbeta</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCF2" title="MCF2">MCF2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCF2L" title="MCF2L">MCF2L</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MCF2L2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="MCF2L2 (page does not exist)">MCF2L2</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRIP" title="MRIP">MRIP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYO10" title="MYO10">MYO10</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NET1" title="NET1">NET1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGEF" title="NGEF">NGEF</a>,</li><li><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OBPH1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="OBPH1 (page does not exist)">OBPH1</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBSCN" title="OBSCN">OBSCN</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPHN1" title="OPHN1">OPHN1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSBP" title="OSBP">OSBP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSBP2" title="OSBP2">OSBP2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSBPL10&action=edit&redlink=1" title="OSBPL10 (page does not exist)">OSBPL10</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSBPL11" title="OSBPL11">OSBPL11</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSBPL3" title="OSBPL3">OSBPL3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSBPL5" title="OSBPL5">OSBPL5</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSBPL6&action=edit&redlink=1" title="OSBPL6 (page does not exist)">OSBPL6</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSBPL7&action=edit&redlink=1" title="OSBPL7 (page does not exist)">OSBPL7</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSBPL8" title="OSBPL8">OSBPL8</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSBPL9" title="OSBPL9">OSBPL9</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHLDA2" title="PHLDA2">PHLDA2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PHLDA3&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PHLDA3 (page does not exist)">PHLDA3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHLDB1" title="PHLDB1">PHLDB1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHLDB2" title="PHLDB2">PHLDB2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHLPP" title="PHLPP">PHLPP</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PIP3-E&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PIP3-E (page does not exist)">PIP3-E</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCD1" title="PLCD1">PLCD1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCD4" title="PLCD4">PLCD4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCG1" title="PLCG1">PLCG1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCG2" title="PLCG2">PLCG2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLCH1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLCH1 (page does not exist)">PLCH1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLCH2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLCH2 (page does not exist)">PLCH2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLCL1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLCL1 (page does not exist)">PLCL1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLCL2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLCL2 (page does not exist)">PLCL2</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLD1" title="PLD1">PLD1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLD2" title="PLD2">PLD2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEK&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEK (page does not exist)">PLEK</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEK2" title="PLEK2">PLEK2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHA1" title="PLEKHA1">PLEKHA1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHA2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHA2 (page does not exist)">PLEKHA2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHA3&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHA3 (page does not exist)">PLEKHA3</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHA4&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHA4 (page does not exist)">PLEKHA4</a>, <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHA5" title="PLEKHA5">PLEKHA5</a>,</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHA6" title="PLEKHA6">PLEKHA6</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHA7" title="PLEKHA7">PLEKHA7</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHA8" title="PLEKHA8">PLEKHA8</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHB1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHB1 (page does not exist)">PLEKHB1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHB2" title="PLEKHB2">PLEKHB2</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHC1" title="PLEKHC1">PLEKHC1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHF1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHF1 (page does not exist)">PLEKHF1</a>, <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHF2" title="PLEKHF2">PLEKHF2</a></b>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHG1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHG1 (page does not exist)">PLEKHG1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHG2" title="PLEKHG2">PLEKHG2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHG3&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHG3 (page does not exist)">PLEKHG3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHG4" title="PLEKHG4">PLEKHG4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHG5" title="PLEKHG5">PLEKHG5</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHG6&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHG6 (page does not exist)">PLEKHG6</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHH1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHH1 (page does not exist)">PLEKHH1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHH2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHH2 (page does not exist)">PLEKHH2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHH3&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHH3 (page does not exist)">PLEKHH3</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHJ1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHJ1 (page does not exist)">PLEKHJ1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHK1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHK1 (page does not exist)">PLEKHK1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHM1" title="PLEKHM1">PLEKHM1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHM2" title="PLEKHM2">PLEKHM2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHO1" title="PLEKHO1">PLEKHO1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PLEKHQ1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PLEKHQ1 (page does not exist)">PLEKHQ1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREX1" title="PREX1">PREX1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PRKCN&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PRKCN (page does not exist)">PRKCN</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKD1" title="PRKD1">PRKD1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKD2" title="PRKD2">PRKD2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRKD3" title="PRKD3">PRKD3</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSCD1" title="PSCD1">PSCD1</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSCD2" title="PSCD2">PSCD2</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSCD3" title="PSCD3">PSCD3</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSCD4" title="PSCD4">PSCD4</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleckstrin_and_Sec7_domain_containing&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing (page does not exist)">PSD</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSD2" title="PSD2">PSD2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSD3" title="PSD3">PSD3</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PSD4&action=edit&redlink=1" title="PSD4 (page does not exist)">PSD4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RALGPS1" title="RALGPS1">RALGPS1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RALGPS2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RALGPS2 (page does not exist)">RALGPS2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAPH1" title="RAPH1">RAPH1</a>,</li><li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASA1" title="RASA1">RASA1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RASA2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RASA2 (page does not exist)">RASA2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASA3" title="RASA3">RASA3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASA4" title="RASA4">RASA4</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RASAL1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RASAL1 (page does not exist)">RASAL1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASGRF1" title="RASGRF1">RASGRF1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGNEF&action=edit&redlink=1" title="RGNEF (page does not exist)">RGNEF</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCK1" title="ROCK1">ROCK1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCK2" title="ROCK2">ROCK2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTKN" title="RTKN">RTKN</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBF1" title="SBF1">SBF1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBF2" title="SBF2">SBF2</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCAP2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SCAP2 (page does not exist)">SCAP2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGEF" title="SGEF">SGEF</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SH2B&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SH2B (page does not exist)">SH2B</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2B1" title="SH2B1">SH2B1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2B2" title="SH2B2">SH2B2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH2B3" title="SH2B3">SH2B3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SH3BP2" title="SH3BP2">SH3BP2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAP1" title="SKAP1">SKAP1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAP2" title="SKAP2">SKAP2</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNTA1" title="SNTA1">SNTA1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNTB1" title="SNTB1">SNTB1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNTB2" title="SNTB2">SNTB2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS1" title="SOS1">SOS1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Sevenless" title="Son of Sevenless">SOS2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis_associated_13" title="Spermatogenesis associated 13">SPATA13</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPNB4&action=edit&redlink=1" title="SPNB4 (page does not exist)">SPNB4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTBN1" title="SPTBN1">SPTBN1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTBN2" title="SPTBN2">SPTBN2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTBN4" title="SPTBN4">SPTBN4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTBN5" title="SPTBN5">SPTBN5</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAP1" title="STAP1">STAP1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAP70" title="SWAP70">SWAP70</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYNGAP1" title="SYNGAP1">SYNGAP1</a>,</li><li><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TBC1D2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="TBC1D2 (page does not exist)">TBC1D2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEC_(gene)" title="TEC (gene)">TEC</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAM1" title="TIAM1">TIAM1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIO_(gene)" title="TRIO (gene)">TRIO</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIOBP" title="TRIOBP">TRIOBP</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TYL_(gene)&action=edit&redlink=1" title="TYL (gene) (page does not exist)">TYL</a>,</li><li><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=URP1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="URP1 (page does not exist)">URP1</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=URP2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="URP2 (page does not exist)">URP2</a>,</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAV1" title="VAV1">VAV1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAV2" title="VAV2">VAV2</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAV3" title="VAV3">VAV3</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VEPH1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="VEPH1 (page does not exist)">VEPH1</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"> </span></h2><ul><li> Plexstrin <br /></li><li>The unrelated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FYVE_domain" title="FYVE domain">FYVE domain</a> binds <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3-phosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate">Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate</a> and has been found in over 60 proteins.</li></ul><p>Exem 1. </p><h2 class="gc-section-header">
Summaries<small> for PLEKHF2 Gene</small>
</h2>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for PLEKHF2 Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
PLEKHF2 (Pleckstrin Homology And FYVE Domain Containing 2) is a Protein Coding gene.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PLEKHF1" target="_blank">PLEKHF1</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for PLEKHF2 Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap"><li>
<div>May play a role in early endosome fusion
upstream of RAB5, hence regulating receptor trafficking and fluid-phase
transport. Enhances cellular sensitivity to TNF-induced apoptosis
(PubMed:18288467).
<ul class="gc-ptm-sources list-inline"><li><a class="gc-ga-link " href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H8W4#function" target="_blank">PKHF2_HUMAN,Q9H8W4</a></li></ul>
</div>
</li></ul>
</div><ul class="list-unstyled list-spacious"><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">ZFYVE18</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/20757" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79666" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H8W4#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000175895" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="alternateName">PHAFIN2</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/20757" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79666" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000175895" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
</li><li>
<span itemprop="description">Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Apoptosis-Involved Protein Containing PH And FYVE Domains</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79666" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H8W4#names_and_taxonomy" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</li></ul><p> Exem2. <br /></p><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for PLEKHA5 Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
PLEKHA5 (Pleckstrin Homology Domain Containing A5) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with PLEKHA5 include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/cleft_lip_with_or_without_cleft_palate" target="_blank" title="See Cleft Lip With Or Without Cleft Palate at Malacards">Cleft Lip With Or Without Cleft Palate</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/blepharocheilodontic_syndrome_1" target="_blank" title="See Blepharocheilodontic Syndrome 1 at Malacards">Blepharocheilodontic Syndrome 1</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/pi_metabolism" target="_blank" title="See PI Metabolism at Pathcards">PI Metabolism</a> and <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/glycerophospholipid_biosynthesis" target="_blank" title="See Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis at Pathcards">Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <em>phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate binding</em> and <em>phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate binding</em>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=PLEKHA7" target="_blank">PLEKHA7</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Gene Wiki entry for PLEKHA5 Gene</h3>
</div>
</div><p>Exem.3</p><p>Cit</p><div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>Entrez Gene Summary for CIT Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<p>This gene encodes a serine/threonine-protein
kinase that functions in cell division. Together with the kinesin KIF14,
this protein localizes to the central spindle and midbody, and
functions to promote efficient cytokinesis. This protein is involved in
central nervous system development. Polymorphisms in this gene are
associated with bipolar disorder and risk for schizophrenia. Alternative
splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq,
Aug 2011]</p>
</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>
GeneCards Summary for CIT Gene
</h3>
</div>
<p>
CIT (Citron Rho-Interacting Serine/Threonine Kinase) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with CIT include <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/microcephaly_17_primary_autosomal_recessive" target="_blank" title="See Microcephaly 17, Primary, Autosomal Recessive at Malacards">Microcephaly 17, Primary, Autosomal Recessive</a> and <a href="https://www.malacards.org/card/primary_autosomal_recessive_microcephaly" target="_blank" title="See Primary Autosomal Recessive Microcephaly at Malacards">Primary Autosomal Recessive Microcephaly</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/signaling_by_rho_gtpases" target="_blank" title="See Signaling by Rho GTPases at Pathcards">Signaling by Rho GTPases</a> and <a href="https://pathcards.genecards.org/card/actin_nucleation_by_arp-wasp_complex" target="_blank" title="See Actin Nucleation by ARP-WASP Complex at Pathcards">Actin Nucleation by ARP-WASP Complex</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <em>transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups</em> and <em>protein tyrosine kinase activity</em>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CDC42BPB" target="_blank">CDC42BPB</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<h3>UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for CIT Gene</h3>
</div>
<ul class="gc-subsection-inner-wrap"><li>
<div>Plays a role in cytokinesis. Required for
KIF14 localization to the central spindle and midbody. Putative RHO/RAC
effector that binds to the GTP-bound forms of RHO and RAC1. It probably
binds p21 with a tighter specificity in vivo. Displays serine/threonine
protein kinase activity. Plays an important role in the regulation of
cytokinesis and the development of the central nervous system.
Phosphorylates MYL9/MLC2.
<ul class="gc-ptm-sources list-inline"><li><a class="gc-ga-link " href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O14578#function" target="_blank">CTRO_HUMAN,O14578</a></li></ul>
</div>
</li></ul>
</div>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0