DCI, D-Chiro-inositoli , myo-inositoli ja fytiini ( inositolihexafosfaatti)

https://D-chiro-inositol hexakisphosphate (D-chiro-IP6pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12472782/

One emerging therapeutic avenue involves the modulation of insulin signaling, as insulin resistance is increasingly recognized as a central contributor to AD pathophysiology. Often referred to as “type 3 diabetes” [9], AD has been linked to impaired insulin signaling, which disrupts glucose metabolism, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity, thereby exacerbating neurodegeneration [6,9,10,11]. Insulin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) is mediated through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, which is critical for energy homeostasis, neurotransmission, and synaptic integrity [12,13]. Defects in this pathway have been observed in AD patients and are associated with neuronal energy deficits, oxidative stress, and increased vulnerability to Aβ toxicity [12,13,14]. Furthermore, insulin resistance impacts glutamatergic neurotransmission, particularly through dysregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), contributing to excitotoxicity, synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment [15,16,17].

In this context, insulin sensitizers such as D-chiro-inositol (DCI) represent a promising intervention for restoring insulin signaling in AD.

 DCI is a naturally occurring inositol isomer that can be incorporated into the body through diet and plays a crucial role in insulin-mediated glucose uptake and metabolism by acting through the PI3K/AKT pathway [18,19]. In addition to improving insulin sensitivity, DCI has been implicated in modulating neuroinflammatory responses and oxidative stress, which are key drivers of AD pathology [20,21,22]. Given its role in metabolic regulation, PI3K/AKT signaling [23], DCI may also influence glutamatergic signaling by stabilizing NMDAR function, potentially reducing excitotoxicity and synaptic deficits observed in AD. Preliminary observations indicate that DCI has beneficial effects in AD by counteracting the toxic actions of Abeta oligomers and by normalizing metabolic dysfunctions associated with amyloidosis in the humanized 5XFAD model of AD [24,2.....

. 2020 Apr 10;25(7):1720. doi: 10.3390/molecules25071720

New Frontiers for the Use of IP6 and Inositol Combination in Treating Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

Felix O Omoruyi ¹, Dewayne Stennett ², Shadae Foster ², Lowell Dilworth ^3,*

Editor: Ivana Vucenik

PMCID: PMC7212753  PMID: 32290029

. Inositol

Inositol is a saturated polyol with a six-carbon ring structure where each carbon is hydroxylated. They are isomers of hexahydroxy-cyclohexanes with nine possible geometrical forms, seven of which are optically inactive, and the remaining two form a chiral pair [10]. Some are biologically active, with the most common and most stable being myo-inositol [11,12]. Myo-inositol is water-soluble and found in a variety of food products [13]. Different safe doses of inositol have been reported in the literature. A daily oral dose of 18 g of inositol for three months has been reported to be safe and well-tolerated [14]. Others have suggested that myo-inositol is safe up to doses of 12 g per day [15]. Clements and Darnell [16] observed that the greatest amounts of myo-inositol were present in fruits, beans, grains, and nuts. Myo-inositol serves as the backbone and precursor of other inositol phosphates. It is produced in the human body from d-glucose and is present in all living cells as phosphatidylinositol and phytic acid [17]. It plays important physiological roles, which include mediation of osmoregulation, anticancer activity, and the enhancement of the anticancer effects of IP6 on various cancers [18,19,20]. It is also involved in the regulation of insulin release from the pancreatic beta-cells [21,22,23,24].

3. Myo-Inositol Hexakisphosphate

Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), or phytic acid, is a natural organic phosphorus compound that is present in almost all plant and mammalian cells and is the phosphorus reservoir in all grains and oilseeds [25]. It is found in food sources high in fiber content, with the most abundant sources being wheat bran and flaxseed (0.4–6.4%) [26,27]. In most cereal crops, IP6 is the primary source of phosphorus. It possibly accounts for 65–85% of the total phosphorus in seeds, with the remaining phosphorus in the form of soluble inorganic phosphate and cellular phosphorus found in macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and sugars [28,29].

The antinutrient nature of IP6 has been described in some studies [30,31]. However, emerging research shows that IP6, as well as the lower forms of inositol phosphates, IPs 2–5, may have essential physiological functions as well as anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties [32,33,34,35]. Recent studies have ascribed antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties to this group of compounds [36,37]. IP6 is produced within cells by de novo synthesis [38]. It is biosynthesized via two different routes, the lipid-dependent and lipid-independent pathways [39,40]. In plants, the lipid-dependent pathway is prominent in all plant organs, and the lipid-independent pathway is the more prominent of the two pathways in seeds only [41 d-glucose-6-phosphate is initially converted to myo-inositol 3-monophosphate by the enzyme myo-inositol 3-phosphate synthase. In the lipid-independent pathway, the myo-inositol 3-monophosphate undergoes a series of sequential phosphorylations through the action of various inositol phosphate kinases (Figure 1). For the lipid-dependent pathway, the myo-inositol 3-monophosphate is initially converted to myo-inositol, which is then converted to various phosphatidyl inositols, eventually leading to the formation of the higher inositol phosphates, IP5 and IP6 (Figure 1)

Fytiinin ja inositolin parhaat lähteet ovat  ekonomisesti edullisimmissa  ravintoaineissa, pavuissa, herneissä, pähkinöissä, manteleissa, viljan siemenissä, hedelmissä-