Takykiniineistä yleensä ,

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/tachykinin

 

Tachykinin

Tachykinins (meaning fast acting) are characterized by an amidated C-terminus containing the amino acids F-X-G-L-M-NH2, where X is a hydrophobic amino acid residue.

From: Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry (Second Edition), 2013

Related terms:

• Neurotransmitter
• Peptide
• Substance P
• Serotonin
• Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide
• Neurokinin A
• Neurokinin B
• Tachykinin Receptor

View all Topics

 

KININS AND NEUROPEPTIDES | Tachykinins

G.F. Joos, K. De Swert, in Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine, 2006

Immunomodulation

Tachykinins are known to have a wide variety of modulatory effects on inflammatory and immune cells. Substance P degranulates mast cells, leading to the release of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), and the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Tachykinins cause adherence and chemotaxis of human neutrophils. Substance P induces chemotaxis of human eosinophils. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that substance P is able to modulate the chemotaxis, proliferation, and activation of lymphocytes. Tachykinins also have a number of stimulatory effects on monocytes and macrophages: substance P has been shown to evoke superoxide anion production, enhance phagocytosis, and cause production of interleukin-1 and interleukin-12 by macrophages. Tachykinins are also able to activate mesenchymal cells in the airways.

TAC4(17q21.33) Takykiniini-4, Hemokiniini, josta ei vielä tiedetä tarkalleen vaikutuksia. Toimii TACR1-ligandina.

 Tällä takykiniini-4, hemokiniinillä, on muista takykiniineistä poikkeava vaikutus ja sen merkitystä ei  vielä täysin tiedetä. Se toimii ensisijaisesti  reseptorin TACR1 ligandina.

Entrez Gene Summary for TAC4 Gene

• This gene is a member of the tachykinin family of neurotransmitter-encoding genes. Tachykinin proteins are cleaved into small, secreted peptides that activate members of a family of receptor proteins. The products of this gene preferentially activate tachykinin receptor 1, and are thought to regulate peripheral endocrine and paracrine functions including blood pressure, the immune system, and endocrine gland secretion. The products of this gene lack a dibasic cleavage site found in other tachykinin proteins. Consequently, the nature of the cleavage products generated in vivo remains to be determined. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GeneCards Summary for TAC4 Gene

TAC4 (Tachykinin Precursor 4) is a Protein Coding gene. Among its related pathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include signaling receptor binding.

 Tachykinins are active peptides which excite neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles. Endokinin-A induces thermal hyperalgesia and pain-related behavior

Aliases for TAC4 Gene

• GeneCards Symbol: TAC4 ²
• Tachykinin Precursor 4 ^{2 3 5}
• PPT-C ^{2 3 4 5}
• HK-1 ^{2 3 5}
• Preprotachykinin-C ^{3 4}
• Tachykinin-4 ^{3 4}
• Pptc ^{2 5}

• Tachykinin 4 (Hemokinin) ³
• Tachykinin 4 ²
• Hemokinin ²
• Endokinin ³
• HK1 ³
• EK ³

TAC1 geeni (7q21.3), Pro-takykiniinigeeni1 koodaa neljää tuotetta. Tunnetaan jo yli 40 takykiniiniä .

 

Entrez Gene Summary for TAC1 Gene

• This gene encodes four products of the tachykinin peptide hormone family, substance P and neurokinin A, as well as the related peptides, neuropeptide K and neuropeptide gamma. These hormones are thought to function as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. They are known to induce behavioral responses and function as vasodilators and secretagogues. Substance P is an antimicrobial peptide with antibacterial and antifungal properties. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]

GeneCards Summary for TAC1 Gene

TAC1 (Tachykinin Precursor 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with TAC1 include Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Vasomotor Rhinitis. Among its related pathways are RET signaling and Signaling by GPCR. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include substance P receptor binding.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TAC1 Gene

• Tachykinins are active peptides which excite neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles.

  • TKN1_HUMAN,P20366

Aliases for TAC1 Gene

• GeneCards Symbol: TAC1 ²
• Tachykinin Precursor 1 ^{2 3 5}
• NKNA ^{3 4 5}
• TAC2 ^{3 4 5}
• NPK ^{2 3 5}
• Tachykinin, Precursor 1 (Substance K, Substance P, Neurokinin 1, Neurokinin 2, Neuromedin L, Neurokinin Alpha, Neuropeptide K, Neuropeptide Gamma) ^{2 3}
• Neuropeptide Gamma ^{2 3}
• Neurokinin Alpha ^{2 3}
• Preprotachykinin ^{2 3}
• Protachykinin-1 ^{3 4}
• Neuropeptide K ^{2 3}
• Protachykinin ^{2 3}

• Neurokinin 1 ^{2 3}
• Neurokinin 2 ^{2 3}
• Neuromedin L ^{2 3}
• Substance K ^{2 3}
• Substance P ^{2 3}
• PPT ^{3 4}
• Neurokinin A ³
• Tachykinin 2 ³
• Hs.2563 ³
• NK2 ³
• NKA ⁴

External Ids for TAC1 Gene

• HGNC: 11517
• NCBI Entrez Gene: 6863
• Ensembl: ENSG00000006128
• OMIM®: 162320
• UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: P20366

Previous HGNC Symbols for TAC1 Gene

• TAC2
• NKNA

(TAC3 geeni on eri geeninsä:

TACR3 geeni (4q24), Neuromediini-K- reseptori

 Tämä resettori TACR3  on Neurokiniini-3 reseptori tai  TACR3 tai neuromediini-K reseptori ja ligandina tälle on  prepro-takykiniini3 (geenistä TAC3)  koodautuva proteiini takykiniini-3 .(TAC3, 12q13.3. https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TAC3&keywords=ZNEUROK1

Entrez Gene Summary for TACR3 Gene

• This gene belongs to a family of genes that function as receptors for tachykinins. Receptor affinities are specified by variations in the 5'-end of the sequence. The receptors belonging to this family are characterized by interactions with G proteins and 7 hydrophobic transmembrane regions. This gene encodes the receptor for the tachykinin neurokinin 3, also referred to as neurokinin B. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GeneCards Summary for TACR3 Gene

TACR3 (Tachykinin Receptor 3) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with TACR3 include Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism 11 With Or Without Anosmia and Kallmann Syndrome. Among its related pathways are RET signaling and Signaling by GPCR. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include G protein-coupled receptor activity and tachykinin receptor activity. An important paralog of this gene is TACR1.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TACR3 Gene

• This is a receptor for the tachykinin neuropeptide neuromedin-K (neurokinin B). It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is: neuromedin-K > substance K > substance P.

  • NK3R_HUMAN,P29371

Tocris Summary for TACR3 Gene

• The neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor is a member of the tachykinin family of G-protein-coupled receptors which also includes NK1 and NK2 receptors. The NK3 receptor is predominantly expressed in the CNS (including the hippocampus, hypothalamus and substantia nigra).

Gene Wiki entry for TACR3 Gene

Aliases for TACR3 Gene

• GeneCards Symbol: TACR3 ²
• Tachykinin Receptor 3 ^{2 3 4 5}
• TAC3R ^{2 3 4 5}
• NK3R ^{2 3 4 5}
• NKR ^{2 3 4 5}
• Neuromedin-K Receptor ^{2 3 4}
• Neurokinin B Receptor ^{2 3 4}

• Neurokinin Beta Receptor ^{2 3}
• NK-3 Receptor ^{3 4}
• NK3 Receptor ^{2 3}
• NK-3R ^{3 4}
• TAC3RL ³
• HH11 ³
• NK3 ³

TACR2 (10q22.1) Substanssi K reseptori. Myös PI/Ca/G-proteiinisignalointiin assosioituva

 

Aliases for TACR2 Gene

• GeneCards Symbol: TACR2 ²
• Tachykinin Receptor 2 ^{2 3 4 5}
• NK2R ^{2 3 4 5}
• SKR ^{2 3 4 5}
• Neurokinin A Receptor ^{2 3 4}
• Substance-K Receptor ^{2 3 4}
• NKNAR ^{3 4 5}

• TAC2R ^{3 4 5}
• Neurokinin B Receptor ^{2 3}
• NK-2 Receptor ^{3 4}
• NK-2R ^{3 4}
• Seven Transmembrane Helix Receptor ³
• Neurokinin 2 Receptor ³

Entrez Gene Summary for TACR2 Gene

• This gene belongs to a family of genes that function as receptors for tachykinins. Receptor affinities are specified by variations in the 5'-end of the sequence. The receptors belonging to this family are characterized by interactions with G proteins and 7 hydrophobic transmembrane regions. This gene encodes the receptor for the tachykinin neuropeptide substance K, also referred to as neurokinin A. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

GeneCards Summary for TACR2 Gene

TACR2 (Tachykinin Receptor 2) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with TACR2 include Baritosis and Constipation. Among its related pathways are RET signaling and Signaling by GPCR. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include G protein-coupled receptor activity and substance K receptor activity. An important paralog of this gene is TACR3.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TACR2 Gene

• This is a receptor for the tachykinin neuropeptide substance K (neurokinin A). It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is: substance K > neuromedin-K > substance P.

  • NK2R_HUMAN,P21452

Tocris Summary for TACR2 Gene

• The neurokinin 2 (NK2) receptor is a member of the tachykinin family of G-protein-coupled receptors which also includes NK1 and NK3 receptors. The NK2 receptor is predominantly expressed in the periphery (including inflammatory cells and bronchial smooth muscle).

Gene Wiki entry for TACR2 Gene

Additional gene information for TACR2 Gene

TACR1 geeni (2p12). Substanssi-P reseptori liittyy G-proteiinilla aktivoituvaan PI/Ca sekundääriseen välittäjäainejärjestelmään

 https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TACR1&keywords=Tachykinin

 

Aliases for TACR1 Gene

• GeneCards Symbol: TACR1 ²
• Tachykinin Receptor 1 ^{2 3 4 5}
• NK1R ^{2 3 4 5}
• SPR ^{2 3 4 5}
• Substance-P Receptor ^{2 3 4}
• TAC1R ^{3 4 5}

• NKIR ^{2 3 5}
• Neurokinin Receptor 1 ^{2 3}
• NK-1 Receptor ^{3 4}
• NK-1R ^{3 4}
• Tachykinin Receptor 1 (Substance P Receptor; Neurokinin-1 Receptor) ³

Entrez Gene Summary for TACR1 Gene

• This gene belongs to a gene family of tachykinin receptors. These tachykinin receptors are characterized by interactions with G proteins and contain seven hydrophobic transmembrane regions. This gene encodes the receptor for the tachykinin substance P, also referred to as neurokinin 1. The encoded protein is also involved in the mediation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism of substance P. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2008]

GeneCards Summary for TACR1 Gene

TACR1 (Tachykinin Receptor 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with TACR1 include Cystitis and Causalgia. Among its related pathways are RET signaling and Signaling by GPCR. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include G protein-coupled receptor activity and substance P receptor activity. An important paralog of this gene is TACR3.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TACR1 Gene

• This is a receptor for the tachykinin neuropeptide substance P. It is probably associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is: substance P > substance K > neuromedin-K.

  • NK1R_HUMAN,P25103

Tocris Summary for TACR1 Gene

• The neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor is a member of the tachykinin family of G-protein-coupled receptors which also includes NK2 and NK3 receptors. The NK1 receptor is localized in high concentrations in the CNS (particularly the striatum and amygdala) and peripheral tissues.

Long covid: Plasmalipidiepätasapainoa

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-50621-6_7 

Kerään tähän arikkeleita ,joita pitää harkiten lukea.

Aivojen plasmalipeideissä on  pieni osa fosfatidyylilipidejä, lipositoleja, ja niillä on oma tärkeä modulinsa varsinkin  harmaissa  hermosoluissa. Niillä on erittäin funktionaalinen modulinsa (, josta tässä fytiiniblogissa olen käsitellyt eri molekyylejä vuosien varrella. Covidin jälkeen on havaittu fosfolipidikirjossa  epätasapainoa ja  korostuneeksi näyttää jäävän  tästä  lipositolimodulipuolesta lyso-muotoa, lysofosfolipidiä lysofosfatidyyli-inositolia.  Asian taustalla piilee  sars-2 viruksen raju  soluaineenvaihdunnan manipulointi, joka jättää siten jälkeensä tälle  inositolia sisältävälle järjestelmälle mahdollisuuden paisua.   Tämä heijastuu kyllä  psyykiseen toimitnaan lähinnä mielialaan monivivahteisesti, josmistä  pitää saada  ajan mitaan  tarpeeksi käsitystä . Muuten ei  pääse jyvälle siitä, millä tavalla voi johtaa metaboliaa korjaantumiskynnyksen paremmalle puolelle. Itsestään korjaantuvuus kudoksissa ihmisellä on hyvä, muta  on jokin kynnys joka  pitää ylittää, että päästään sellaisen normaliteetin puolelle.  Kyse ei ole vain aivojen inositolimodulista, vaan myös kohdista josa tätä  modulia käytetään. Yksi on  sokeriaineenvaihdunta.  Ilmeisesti vaaraa on keuhkofibroosista ja  non-alkoholisesta  maksanrasvoittumisestakin jos tämä ei oikene.  Viruksen yksi tapa moduloida  energia-aineita näyttää olleen ATP, CTP, TTP ja  TTP  peräisten energioiden  purkaminen, fosfaattien irrottaminen ja samalla GTP-peräisen energian suosiminen. En tiedä jos tässä olen  asiasta jyvällä. Tällöin on paljon  tarjolla esim AMP ja CMP- muotoa, joita   oinositoliaineenvaihdunta käyttää.   aivojen puolella  lysofosfatidylinositoli muodostaa  protektiivisuutta  erään artikkelin mukaanJos  ATP ja CTP  ovat purkaantuneita ,  fosfatidyyli-inositoli ei pysty nousemaan energiarikakisiin muotoihinsa.

Covidin jälkeen fosfolipidien profiiliin tulee epätasapainoa. Lysofosfatidyyli-inositolia ja fosfatidyyli-inositolia tavallista enemmän, muita vähemmän

 Aiemmin ei ole huomiotani kiinnittänyt  lysofosfatidyyli-inositoli, joten otan siitä  tietoa esiin nyt.

The L-alpha-Lysophosphatidylinositol/G Protein-Coupled Receptor 55 System Induces the Development of Nonalcoholic Steatosis and Steatohepatitis.

Fondevila MF, Fernandez U, Gonzalez-Rellan MJ, Da Silva Lima N, Buque X, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Alonso C, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Delgado TC, Varela-Rey M, Senra A, Garcia-Outeiral V, Novoa E, Iglesias C, Porteiro B, Beiroa D, Folgueira C, Tojo M, Torres JL, Hernández-Cosido L, Blanco Ó, Arab JP, Barrera F, Guallar D, Fidalgo M, López M, Dieguez C, Marcos M, Martinez-Chantar ML, Arrese M, Garcia-Monzon C, Mato JM, Aspichueta P, Nogueiras R. Hepatology. 2021 Feb;73(2):606-624. doi: 10.1002/hep.31290. Epub 2020 Nov 13. PMID: 32329085 Free PMC article.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 55 is a putative cannabinoid receptor, and l-alpha-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is its only known endogenous ligand. ...

2

Cannabinoid Receptor-Related Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors.

Irving A, Abdulrazzaq G, Chan SLF, Penman J, Harvey J, Alexander SPH. Adv Pharmacol. 2017;80:223-247. doi: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.04.004. Epub 2017 Jun 12. PMID: 28826536 Review.

GPR18, GPR55, and GPR119 exhibit limited sequence homology with the established CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors. However, the pharmacology of these orphan receptors displays overlap with CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, particularly for GPR18 and GPR55. ...Th …

3

GPR55, a lysophosphatidylinositol receptor with cannabinoid sensitivity?

Nevalainen T, Irving AJ. Curr Top Med Chem. 2010;10(8):799-813. doi: 10.2174/156802610791164229. PMID: 20370712 Review.

However, to date, the most potent ligand identified for GPR55 is the endogenous phospholipid, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI). GPR55 is thought to link predominantly G-protein alpha(13), where it promotes Rho-dependent signalling. ...This article reviews the current status …

4

Lysophosphatidylinositol, an Endogenous Ligand for G Protein-Coupled Receptor 55, Has Anti-inflammatory Effects in Cultured Microglia.

Minamihata T, Takano K, Moriyama M, Nakamura Y. Inflammation. 2020 Oct;43(5):1971-1987. doi: 10.1007/s10753-020-01271-4. PMID: 32519268

Lysophosphatidylinositol (LysoPI), an endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 55, has been known to show various functions in several tissues and cells; however, its roles in the central nervous system (CNS) are not well known. ...

5

Druggable Lysophospholipid Signaling Pathways.

Yanagida K, Valentine WJ. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1274:137-176. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_7. PMID: 32894510 Review.

Several crystal structures of LPA receptors and ATX have been solved, which will accelerate development of highly selective and effective LPA signaling targeting compounds. We also review additional bioactive lysophospholipid (LPL) signaling molecules including lysophospha …

6

Potential role and therapeutic interests of myo-inositol in metabolic diseases.

Croze ML, Soulage CO. Biochimie. 2013 Oct;95(10):1811-27. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.05.011. Epub 2013 Jun 10. PMID: 23764390 Review.

7

Minireview: recent developments in the physiology and pathology of the lysophosphatidylinositol-sensitive receptor GPR55.

Henstridge CM, Balenga NA, Kargl J, Andradas C, Brown AJ, Irving A, Sanchez C, Waldhoer M. Mol Endocrinol. 2011 Nov;25(11):1835-48. doi: 10.1210/me.2011-1197. Epub 2011 Sep 29. PMID: 21964594 Free PMC article. Review.

Emerging data suggest that off-target cannabinoid effects may be mediated via novel seven-transmembrane spanning/G protein-coupled receptors. Due to its cannabinoid sensitivity, the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was recently proposed as a candidate; however, …

8

Role of the lysophosphatidylinositol/GPR55 axis in cancer.

Falasca M, Ferro R. Adv Biol Regul. 2016 Jan;60:88-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.10.003. Epub 2015 Oct 28. PMID: 26588872 Review.

Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is a well-known bioactive lipid that is able to activate signalling cascades relevant to cell proliferation, migration, survival and tumourigenesis. It is well-established that the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is the specific …

9

Lysophosphatidylinositol Signalling and Metabolic Diseases.

Arifin SA, Falasca M. Metabolites. 2016 Jan 15;6(1):6. doi: 10.3390/metabo6010006. PMID: 26784247 Free PMC article. Review.

In this review, we will focus on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the lysophospholipid mediator lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and its receptor G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) in metabolic diseases. ...

10

A putative lysophosphatidylinositol receptor GPR55 modulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity.

Hurst K, Badgley C, Ellsworth T, Bell S, Friend L, Prince B, Welch J, Cowan Z, Williamson R, Lyon C, Anderson B, Poole B, Christensen M, McNeil M, Call J, Edwards JG. Hippocampus. 2017 Sep;27(9):985-998. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22747. Epub 2017 Jun 27. PMID: 28653801 Free PMC article.

GPR55, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor, is activated by lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and the endocannabinoid anandamide, as well as by other compounds including THC. ..