FAO:n toksikologinen tutkimus fosforijohdannaisista

http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje11.htm
fosforihappo, fosfaatit ja polyfosfaatit 

    PHOSPHORIC ACID, PHOSPHATES AND POLYPHOSPHATES

          This monograph contains a re-evaluation of the data on phosphoric
    acid and phosphates. It includes the substances listed below for which
    specifications for identity and purity have been issued as indicated:

                Phosphoric acidi1)
                Monosodium monophosphate2)
                Disodium monophosphate2)
                Trisodium monophosphate2)
                Monopotassium monophosphate2)
                Dipotassium monophosphate2
                Tripotassium monophosphate2)
                Monocalcimn monophosphate3)
                Dicalcium monophosphate4)
                Tricalcium monophosphate4)
                Monomagnesium monophosphate4)
                Dimagnesium monophosphate4)
                Trimagnesium monophosphate4)
                Disodium diphosphate2
                Tetrasodium diphosphate2)
                Pentasodium triphosphate2)
                Sodium polyphosphate2)

  Biochemical aspects

          Phosphoric acid is an essential constituent of the human
    organism, not only in the bones and teeth, but also in many enzyme
    systems. Phosphorus plays an important role in carbohydrate, fat and
    protein metabolism. The level of inorganic phosphate in the blood is
    stabilized by exchange with the mineral depot in the skeleton through
    the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone inhibits tubular
    reabsorption of phosphates by the kidney and brings about
    demineralization of bone tissue through the action of osteoclasts. The
    amount of parathyroid hormone that enters the circulation is probably
    regulated by the calcium level of the blood. Intestinal absorption
    depends on requirements and is therefore limited. Excretion takes
    place mainly in the faeces as calcium phosphate so that the continuous
    use of excessive amounts of sodium phosphate and phosphoric acid may
    cause a loss of calcium. As a result of physiological regulating
    mechanisms, man and animals can tolerate large variations in phosphate
    intake without the balance being upset.

          Some investigators have considered that the formation in the
    intestinal tract of insoluble salts of phosphate with calcium iron and
    other metal ions might result in decreased absorption of such
    minerals. From studies dealing with this aspect (Lang, 1959; van Esch
    et al., 1957; Lauersen, 1953; van Genderen, 1961) it is concluded that
    moderate dose levels of phosphates do not impair absorption as shown
    by results from carcass analyses or haemoglobin determinations. Doses
    of 2 to 4 g of phosphate act as weak saline cathartics.

          Phosphate supplementation of the diet of rodents has been shown
    to lead to reduction in the incidence of dental caries and different
    phosphates have different powers in reducing the cariogenic potential
    of the carbohydrates in a diet. Phosphate supplements seem to exert
    their cariostatic effect on the tooth surface either directly during
    eating or by excretion in the saliva (Anon, 1968a; Anon, 1968b).

          Little specific toxicological information on potassium
    monophosphates is available. There is no reason to consider that the
    potassium salts, in the amounts that could be used as feed additives,
    behave differently from the sodium salts and are therefore dealt with
    together.